Application of deep eutectic solvent as green solvent in extracting of phytochemical compounds in mulberry (morus alba l.) leaves /
Lau, Kar En,
Application of deep eutectic solvent as green solvent in extracting of phytochemical compounds in mulberry (morus alba l.) leaves / Lau Kar En - xix, 137 pages : illustrations ;
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science in Material Technology) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
Include bibliographical reference
White Mulberry (Morus alba), a well-known medicinal plant, with each part containing varying quantities of phytochemical substances. Their derived phytochemical components can be employed for medical and therapeutic purposes. Among the increasing trends on greener and more sustainable techniques of phytochemical extraction, the study of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) is being developed. This study aimed to extract the white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves using different types of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, and to analyse the phytochemical compounds in white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The NADES were formed by combining choline chloride, serving as the hydrogen bond acceptor, with a range of hydrogen bond donors such as 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, citric acid, sucrose, and 1,4-butanediol in a 1:2 molar ratio. All formulations, except for the one with choline chloride and sucrose, displayed significant characteristics that support extraction, including increased hydrogen bonding (as shown by FTIR analysis), high viscosity, and low melting points. Yield and composition of phytochemical compounds were highly affected by the NADES formulations in optimized conditions of 66 °C for 35 minutes of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Among the different solvents, NADES 3 (choline chloride + citric acid) yielded the darkest extract. This could be due to its acidic nature. Nevertheless, all NADES in this study exhibited their effectiveness in the extraction of phytochemical compounds, signifying versatility in the function above. The analysis of phytochemicals indicated the presence of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and saponins, many of which are known for their medicinal properties. The presence of 2-O-α-D-Glycosides of galactose-1-deoxynojirimycin was consistently extracted in all NADES formulations, and the stability of ningpeisinoside was validated using LC-QTOF-MS. Additionally, GC-MS effectively identified fatty acids, methyl esters, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study shows the potentiality of NADES as a green and versatile solvent in targeted phytochemical extraction and therefore a more sustainable replacement for traditional solvents. It also indicates the importance of optimizing the solvent compositions and extraction conditions to increase recovery efficiency while preserving the compounds.
THE0010461 (Local)
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology--Dissertations
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Theses--Dissertations
Application of deep eutectic solvent as green solvent in extracting of phytochemical compounds in mulberry (morus alba l.) leaves / Lau Kar En - xix, 137 pages : illustrations ;
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science in Material Technology) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
Include bibliographical reference
White Mulberry (Morus alba), a well-known medicinal plant, with each part containing varying quantities of phytochemical substances. Their derived phytochemical components can be employed for medical and therapeutic purposes. Among the increasing trends on greener and more sustainable techniques of phytochemical extraction, the study of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) is being developed. This study aimed to extract the white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves using different types of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, and to analyse the phytochemical compounds in white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The NADES were formed by combining choline chloride, serving as the hydrogen bond acceptor, with a range of hydrogen bond donors such as 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, citric acid, sucrose, and 1,4-butanediol in a 1:2 molar ratio. All formulations, except for the one with choline chloride and sucrose, displayed significant characteristics that support extraction, including increased hydrogen bonding (as shown by FTIR analysis), high viscosity, and low melting points. Yield and composition of phytochemical compounds were highly affected by the NADES formulations in optimized conditions of 66 °C for 35 minutes of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Among the different solvents, NADES 3 (choline chloride + citric acid) yielded the darkest extract. This could be due to its acidic nature. Nevertheless, all NADES in this study exhibited their effectiveness in the extraction of phytochemical compounds, signifying versatility in the function above. The analysis of phytochemicals indicated the presence of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and saponins, many of which are known for their medicinal properties. The presence of 2-O-α-D-Glycosides of galactose-1-deoxynojirimycin was consistently extracted in all NADES formulations, and the stability of ningpeisinoside was validated using LC-QTOF-MS. Additionally, GC-MS effectively identified fatty acids, methyl esters, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study shows the potentiality of NADES as a green and versatile solvent in targeted phytochemical extraction and therefore a more sustainable replacement for traditional solvents. It also indicates the importance of optimizing the solvent compositions and extraction conditions to increase recovery efficiency while preserving the compounds.
THE0010461 (Local)
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology--Dissertations
Universities and colleges--Dissertations
Theses--Dissertations