Formulation of propolis balm using beeswax for topical uses /
Nur Dini Binti Mokhtar, , ,
Formulation of propolis balm using beeswax for topical uses / Nur Dini Binti Mokhtar - xi, 48 pages : illustrations ;
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
Final Year Report (Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Pharmaceuticals) with Hons ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
Include bibliographical reference
The use of propolis in cosmetics increased due to the benefits of propolis itself. Propolis extract which was obtained from bee hives have essential benefits on anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to formulate propolis balm using beeswax for topical uses and evaluate the physical properties and stability of the balm. Propolis balm beeswax based was formulated using different concentrations of propolis extract and beeswax, along with essential oils and coconut oils. The propolis extract was diluted with propylene glycol and stirred for 2 hours by using a magnetic stirrer to get different concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 20%. Meanwhile, the beeswax to the coconut oil ratios at 1:5, 1:4, and 2:4. The properties of the balm samples were analysed by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Total phenolic content analysis was done by using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method which gallic acid equivalent (GAE) was used as the standard calibration curve. For total flavonoid content, aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used which quercetin equivalent (QE) was expressed in the determination of the total flavonoid content. Stability studies were conducted on three different temperature conditions: room temperature, incubator, and chiller. The pH, spreadability, and organoleptic of the samples were studied where the organoleptic studies were evaluated by 30 respondents. The data collected was analysed by using Anova: Single Factor analysis. The results showed that balms with 20% of propolis have the highest value of TPC and TFC with value 286.57 mg/mL GAE, 263.71 mg/mL GAE, 323.71 mg/mL GAE and 1084.30 mg/mL QE, 1077.10 mg/mL QE, 1189.60 mg/mL QE respectively. 2:4 beeswax balm with 20% propolis was the highest in % of DPPH radical scavenging activity with value 47.27%. For pH analysis, 1:5 beeswax balm with 5% of propolis concentration has the highest pH with value 4.9 while 2:4 beeswax balm with 20% of propolis concentration has the lowest pH with value 4.57. 20% of propolis have the higher pH value for each type of balms. 1:5 beeswax balm has the highest spreading area with value 415.53 mm2, 415.53 mm2 and 490.938 mm2 while 2:4 beeswax balm has the lowest spreading area with value 78.55 mm2, 95.046 mm2 and 95.046 mm2 for 5%, 10% and 20% propolis respectively. For stability studies, the results showed an increment in TPC, TFC and pH for chiller and incubator condition compared to room temperature while only slight difference in balms spreadability. The organoleptic studies showed that most of the respondents rated at the moderate rate and only 8 out of 30 respondents have choose beeswax balm as the preferred balm. In conclusion, this research project used propolis extract, coconut oil, and beeswax as the main raw material to formulate effective topical uses. The studies in pH, spreadability, TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity can access the physical properties, antioxidant property and stability of the propolis balm. For future study, it is recommended to add a few analyse such as microbial analysis to evaluate the potential of any growth of the microbes.
THE0010745 (Local)
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology--Dissertations
Universities and colleges--Dissertations
Theses--Dissertations
Formulation of propolis balm using beeswax for topical uses / Nur Dini Binti Mokhtar - xi, 48 pages : illustrations ;
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
Final Year Report (Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Pharmaceuticals) with Hons ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
Include bibliographical reference
The use of propolis in cosmetics increased due to the benefits of propolis itself. Propolis extract which was obtained from bee hives have essential benefits on anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to formulate propolis balm using beeswax for topical uses and evaluate the physical properties and stability of the balm. Propolis balm beeswax based was formulated using different concentrations of propolis extract and beeswax, along with essential oils and coconut oils. The propolis extract was diluted with propylene glycol and stirred for 2 hours by using a magnetic stirrer to get different concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 20%. Meanwhile, the beeswax to the coconut oil ratios at 1:5, 1:4, and 2:4. The properties of the balm samples were analysed by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Total phenolic content analysis was done by using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method which gallic acid equivalent (GAE) was used as the standard calibration curve. For total flavonoid content, aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used which quercetin equivalent (QE) was expressed in the determination of the total flavonoid content. Stability studies were conducted on three different temperature conditions: room temperature, incubator, and chiller. The pH, spreadability, and organoleptic of the samples were studied where the organoleptic studies were evaluated by 30 respondents. The data collected was analysed by using Anova: Single Factor analysis. The results showed that balms with 20% of propolis have the highest value of TPC and TFC with value 286.57 mg/mL GAE, 263.71 mg/mL GAE, 323.71 mg/mL GAE and 1084.30 mg/mL QE, 1077.10 mg/mL QE, 1189.60 mg/mL QE respectively. 2:4 beeswax balm with 20% propolis was the highest in % of DPPH radical scavenging activity with value 47.27%. For pH analysis, 1:5 beeswax balm with 5% of propolis concentration has the highest pH with value 4.9 while 2:4 beeswax balm with 20% of propolis concentration has the lowest pH with value 4.57. 20% of propolis have the higher pH value for each type of balms. 1:5 beeswax balm has the highest spreading area with value 415.53 mm2, 415.53 mm2 and 490.938 mm2 while 2:4 beeswax balm has the lowest spreading area with value 78.55 mm2, 95.046 mm2 and 95.046 mm2 for 5%, 10% and 20% propolis respectively. For stability studies, the results showed an increment in TPC, TFC and pH for chiller and incubator condition compared to room temperature while only slight difference in balms spreadability. The organoleptic studies showed that most of the respondents rated at the moderate rate and only 8 out of 30 respondents have choose beeswax balm as the preferred balm. In conclusion, this research project used propolis extract, coconut oil, and beeswax as the main raw material to formulate effective topical uses. The studies in pH, spreadability, TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity can access the physical properties, antioxidant property and stability of the propolis balm. For future study, it is recommended to add a few analyse such as microbial analysis to evaluate the potential of any growth of the microbes.
THE0010745 (Local)
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology--Dissertations
Universities and colleges--Dissertations
Theses--Dissertations