MARC details
| 000 -LEADER |
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| fixed length control field |
03347nam a22003497a 4500 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
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| control field |
MY-KuUP |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
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| control field |
20260415125604.0 |
| 006 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--ADDITIONAL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS |
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| fixed length control field |
t||||fr|||| 000 0 |
| 007 - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION FIXED FIELD--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
ta |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
260415t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
THE0010468 (Local) |
| Qualifying information |
Hardback |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Original cataloging agency |
UMPSA |
| Language of cataloging |
eng |
| Transcribing agency |
UMPSA |
| Description conventions |
rda |
| 090 ## - LOCALLY ASSIGNED LC-TYPE CALL NUMBER (OCLC); LOCAL CALL NUMBER (RLIN) |
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| Classification number (OCLC) (R) ; Classification number, CALL (RLIN) (NR) |
FIST .K86 2025 r Bc. |
| 100 1# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Personal name |
Kumuthini A/p Kohilen |
| Relator term |
author. |
| 245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Waste filter cake as a catalyst source for transesterification reaction / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
Kumuthini A/p Kohilen |
| 264 #1 - PRODUCTION, PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURE, AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
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| Place of production, publication, distribution, manufacture |
Kuantan, Pahang : |
| Name of producer, publisher, distributor, manufacturer |
2025 |
| Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice |
UMPSA, |
| 264 #4 - PRODUCTION, PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURE, AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
|---|
| Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice |
© 2025 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| Extent |
xii, 67 pages : |
| Other physical details |
illustrations ; |
| 336 ## - CONTENT TYPE |
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| Source |
rdacontent |
| Content type term |
text |
| 337 ## - MEDIA TYPE |
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| Source |
rdamedia |
| Media type term |
unmediated |
| 338 ## - CARRIER TYPE |
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| Source |
rdacarrier |
| Carrier type term |
volume |
| 347 ## - DIGITAL FILE CHARACTERISTICS |
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| Source |
rda |
| File type |
text file |
| Encoding format |
PDF |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
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| General note |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| 502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE |
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| Dissertation note |
Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc. note |
Include bibliographical reference |
| 520 3# - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc. |
The utilization of industrial waste instead of disposing them offers benefits not only for waste management but also as resource recovery. This research focused on studying the heterogeneous catalytic potential of calcined waste filter cake (CFC) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) processing in the transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) to produce biodiesel. The CFC was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET) and X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). The results revealed a mesoporous structure (pores that are 2–50 nanometers in diameter) with a surface area of 40.88 m²/g and the predominance of crystalline calcium oxide (CaO), being the main contributions for the catalytic activity. The catalytic performance of CFC was evaluated by varying its concentrations (1.0 g, 2.0 g, 3.0 g, and 4.0 g), achieving methyl ester conversion rates of 11.51 %, 14.65 %, 25.43 %, and 23.85 %, respectively. Qualitative analysis via thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the product confirmed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) but revealed incomplete triglyceride conversion. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis disclosed the quantitative data on the yield. The overall result indicated that while CFC has promising structural and chemical properties, its catalytic efficiency is limited by factors such as active site availability, limitations of mass transfer, and challenges in stirring, particularly at higher catalyst concentrations. Recommendations for enhancing CFC’s performance are to optimize calcination parameters, explore advanced reactor designs, integrate co-catalysts, and test with alternative feedstocks. Regardless of the low conversion rates, this study highlights the potential of CFC as a cost-effective, sustainable catalyst and lays the groundwork for further research to optimize its application in biodiesel production. |
| 610 20 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME |
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| Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Universities and colleges |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Theses |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 856 ## - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS |
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| Uniform Resource Identifier |
https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/46067 |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) |
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| Source of classification or shelving scheme |
Library of Congress Classification |
| Koha item type |
Final Year Report |