MARC details
| 000 -LEADER |
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| fixed length control field |
03040ntm a2200265 a 4500 |
| 001 - CONTROL NUMBER |
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| control field |
vtls000091191 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
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| control field |
KUKTEM |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
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| control field |
20251117113300.0 |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
150909t2015 my a f m 000 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
THE0004010(Local) |
| 039 #9 - LEVEL OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL AND CODING DETAIL [OBSOLETE] |
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| Level of rules in bibliographic description |
201905151224 |
| Level of effort used to assign nonsubject heading access points |
fauzi |
| Level of effort used to assign subject headings |
201711281436 |
| Level of effort used to assign classification |
saini |
| Level of effort used to assign subject headings |
201509091111 |
| Level of effort used to assign classification |
huda |
| Level of effort used to assign subject headings |
201509091107 |
| Level of effort used to assign classification |
huda |
| -- |
201509091105 |
| -- |
huda |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Original cataloging agency |
UMP |
| 090 ## - LOCALLY ASSIGNED LC-TYPE CALL NUMBER (OCLC); LOCAL CALL NUMBER (RLIN) |
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| Classification number (OCLC) (R) ; Classification number, CALL (RLIN) (NR) |
TP156.E8 H35 2015 r Bc. |
| 100 0# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Personal name |
Siti Haizan Mohd Mukhtar Affandi |
| 245 1# - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Optimization of bleaching earth and extraction of free fatty acid (FFA) in palm oil refinery process / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
Siti Haizan Mohd Mukhtar Affandi |
| 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. |
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| Place of publication, distribution, etc. |
Kuantan, Pahang : |
| Name of publisher, distributor, etc. |
UMP, |
| Date of publication, distribution, etc. |
2015 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
xiii, 58 p. : |
| Other physical details |
ill. (some col.) ; |
| Dimensions |
30 cm. + |
| Accompanying material |
1 CD-ROM |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
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| General note |
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering |
| 502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE |
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| Dissertation note |
Project paper (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang - 2015 |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc. note |
Bibliography : p. 43-45 |
| 520 3# - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc. |
Physical refining has become the major processing route for crude palm oil in Malaysia. Degumming, bleaching and deodorization are essential processes that involves in palm oil refining. The purpose is the removal of gums, trace metals, pigments, peroxides, oxidation products and other breakdown products in the crude oil by adsorption on the active surface of the bleaching earth to improve colour and stability of the final oil (Siew et al., 1992). This research aims to study the Optimization of Bleaching Earth and Extraction of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in Palm Oil Refinery Process which involves process of degumming and bleaching using neutral and acid-activated clays. Degumming is the pre-treatment stage of physical refining crude palm oil and these stages are identified as the major contributors to the total operating cost of the plant due to the cost of chemicals (phosphoric acid and bleaching earth) that are being used in these processes .Bleaching absorbs the undesirable impurities and other pigments. It also reduces the oxidation products, absorbs the phospholipids precipitated by phosphorus acid, and removes any excess present in the oil. Last stage for physical refining is deodorization. The pre-treated oil is deoerated and then heated to deodorization temperature and pressure. Under these condition , which the free fatty acids, which are still present in the oil are distilled together with the more volatile odoriferous and oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketone, which otherwise will affect the odor and the taste of the oil. In this research, a process model for degumming and bleaching operation will be designed in order to help the refiner‘s to predict the exact ratio of phosphoric acid and bleaching earth to the crude palm oil. By doing so, we could reduce the operating costs and time of the overall palm oil refining process. |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Extraction (Chemistry) |
| 856 40 - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS |
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| Uniform Resource Identifier |
<a href="http://ecollib.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/9478">http://ecollib.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/9478</a> |
| Public note |
Access in library only |