MARC details
| 000 -LEADER |
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03720ntm a2200277 a 4500 |
| 001 - CONTROL NUMBER |
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vtls000098266 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
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KUKTEM |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
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20251117113333.0 |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
161205s2016 my da f abm 000 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
THE0000155(Local) |
| 039 #9 - LEVEL OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL AND CODING DETAIL [OBSOLETE] |
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| Level of rules in bibliographic description |
201905131454 |
| Level of effort used to assign nonsubject heading access points |
nazirah |
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201612051205 |
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saini |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Original cataloging agency |
UMP |
| 090 ## - LOCALLY ASSIGNED LC-TYPE CALL NUMBER (OCLC); LOCAL CALL NUMBER (RLIN) |
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| Classification number (OCLC) (R) ; Classification number, CALL (RLIN) (NR) |
FIST .I58 2016 r Thesis |
| 100 0# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Personal name |
Intan Shafinaz Abd Manaf |
| 245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Transesterification of crude palm oil adsorbed on spent bleaching clay and catfish oil using CaO and ZnO as catalysts / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
Intan Shafinaz Abd Manaf |
| 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. |
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| Place of publication, distribution, etc. |
Kuantan, Pahang : |
| Name of publisher, distributor, etc. |
UMP , |
| Date of publication, distribution, etc. |
2016 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
xv, 121 p. : |
| Other physical details |
ill. (some col.) ; |
| Dimensions |
30 cm. + |
| Accompanying material |
1 CD ROM |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
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| General note |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| 502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE |
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| Dissertation note |
Thesis (Master of Science in Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2016 |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc. note |
Bibliography : p. 105-119 |
| 520 3# - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc. |
In the present work, the transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) adsorbed on spent bleaching clay (SBC) and waste catfish fat using Commercial-CaO, barnacle (B-CaO) and mixed-oxide (B-CaO•ZnO) as a heterogeneous catalyst were attempted. In order to enhance the catalytic activity, the catalysts have been calcined at 500 - 900 °C for 2 h. It have been had found 900 °C is the optimum condition for catalyst preparation because upon calcination, the catalyst transformed to CaO from the initial CaCO3 structure. The mechanochemical treatment had been used for preparation of mixed oxide. The catalyst had been characterized using thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area (BET), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and basic strength using Hammett indicators. Results showed that the CaO exist at the optimum condition of calcination and also found that these catalyst consist of strong basic site. The result shows that, the optimal condition for transesterification of catfish fat and SBC reaction catalyzed by B-CaO at 93.7% and 94.0%, respectively in 4 h reaction duration at 65 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio at 12:1 and 5 wt. % catalysts as an optimal reaction conditions. On the other hand, by using B-CaO•ZnO as catalyst for SBC oil and catfish fat, the optimal conditions were found to be 3 wt.% catalyst, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, yielding 94.7% and 96.3% ME, respectively for 4 h and 2 h of reaction duration at 65 °C. In addition, in-situ transesterification using SBC also been carried out where the optimal conditions were found to be 15 wt.% and 25 wt.% of catalyst, 110:1 and 150:1 methanol to oil molar ratio resulting ME content for BCaO•ZnO and B-CaO, respectively in 6 h and 8 h duration at 65 °C. The catalysts (BCaO and B-CaO•ZnO) can be reused up to four times maintaining ME content of 65% and 70%, respectively. The methyl esters produced were found to confirm mainly the key specifications of biodiesel. The engine performance of SBC B5 was investigated on a single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine (YANMAR NF19-SK). The results indicated that the SBC B5 gave lower CO2 emission compared to neat diesel, thus contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gases. The barnacle shells as a source of calcium oxide can be widely applied as it is or mixed with other oxides as a catalyst in biodiesel production. |
| 610 20 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME |
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Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
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Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Universities and Colleges |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Theses |