MARC details
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03794ntm a2200337 i 4500 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
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MY-KuUP |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
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| control field |
20260918162501.0 |
| 006 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--ADDITIONAL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS |
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t||||fr|||| 000 0 |
| 007 - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION FIXED FIELD--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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ta |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
150921t20152015my da f abm 000 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
THE0007996(Local) |
| Qualifying information |
hardback |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Original cataloging agency |
UMP |
| Language of cataloging |
eng |
| Transcribing agency |
UMP |
| Description conventions |
rda |
| 090 ## - LOCALLY ASSIGNED LC-TYPE CALL NUMBER (OCLC); LOCAL CALL NUMBER (RLIN) |
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| Classification number (OCLC) (R) ; Classification number, CALL (RLIN) (NR) |
QD305.A2 H56 2015 r Thesis |
| 100 0# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Personal name |
Noor Hindryawati, |
| Relator term |
author. |
| 245 #0 - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Preparation of methyl esters via transesterification using oils and catalysts from waste sources / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
Noor Hindryawati |
| 264 #1 - PRODUCTION, PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURE, AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
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| Place of production, publication, distribution, manufacture |
Kuantan, Pahang : |
| Name of producer, publisher, distributor, manufacturer |
UMP, |
| Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice |
2015 |
| 264 #4 - PRODUCTION, PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURE, AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE |
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| Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice |
©2015 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
xxiv, 219 pages : |
| Other physical details |
illustrations (some color) ; |
| Dimensions |
30 cm. + |
| Accompanying material |
1 CD-ROM |
| 336 ## - CONTENT TYPE |
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| Source |
rdacontent |
| Content type term |
text |
| 337 ## - MEDIA TYPE |
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| Source |
rdamedia |
| Media type term |
unmediated |
| 338 ## - CARRIER TYPE |
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| Source |
rdacarrier |
| Carrier type term |
volume |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
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| General note |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| 502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE |
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| Dissertation note |
Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy (Industrial Technology)) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang -- 2015 |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc. note |
Bibliography : p. 175-197 |
| 520 3# - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc. |
In the present work, waste sources, namely rice husk ash supported lithium (Li-RHA), sodium (Na-RHA), potassium (K-RHA), waste sponge supported sodium (Na-sponge), boiler ash (BA), mixed bivalve clam (Paphia undulata) shell and barnacle shell (mixed shells) have been successfully utilized as solid catalysts in the transesterification of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD-PO), waste cooking oil (WCO), catfish oil and oil-decanter cake (O-DC) to produce methyl esters (biodiesel). The optimal reaction conditions for transesterification of RBD-PO, WCO and catfish oil using alkali metal silicate and BA as a catalysts were found to be: 3 wt.% catalyst amount (based on oil weight), 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 1 h reaction period at 65 °C. The optimal conditions with mixed shells was 5 wt.% catalyst amount, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 3 h reaction period. Over 96.5 % methyl esters content were achieved for all transesterification using the catalysts at the reflux temperature of methanol (65 °C). The ultrasound method was to found to be more effective for in situ transesterification compared with mechanical stirring method in the transesterification of WCO and O-DC using BA and Na-sponge. The reusability of the catalysts was investigated, and found that the alkali metal silicate and BA could be reused up to three times with methyl esters content over 90 % after washing with methanol and n-hexane as solvents, while mixed shells catalyst could be reused up to seven times with methyl esters content over 90 % after washing with methanol, n-hexane as solvents and calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. In addition, the K-RHA, Na-sponge, BA and mixed-shells catalysts exhibited tolerance towards the presence of 3.02 % FFA, Li-RHA and Na- RHA could tolerate 2.52 % of FFA. All catalysts could tolerate 1.53 % of water with methyl esters content over 90 % were achieved for all catalysts. It is found that BA and Na-sponge has higher rate constant but lower reusability whereas CaO has comperatively lower rate constant but with higher number of reusability. The emissions performance of WCO B10 blend using BA as a catalyst was investigated on horizontal single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine (YANMAR NF19-SK). The results indicated that the WCO B10 blend biodiesel and diesel gave lower CO emission compared to commercial diesel, thus contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gases. Mixed shells is the best catalyst used in this study. Mixed shells as a source of calcium oxide can be widely applied as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis due to its cheap price, minor toxicity and high availability |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Esterification |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Esters |
| General subdivision |
Aliphatic compounds |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Transesterification |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Acids and esters |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) |
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| Source of classification or shelving scheme |
Library of Congress Classification |
| Koha item type |
Thesis |