MARC details
| 000 -LEADER |
|---|
| fixed length control field |
03563nam a2200277 a 4500 |
| 001 - CONTROL NUMBER |
|---|
| control field |
vtls000099837 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
|---|
| control field |
KUKTEM |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
|---|
| control field |
20251117113437.0 |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
|---|
| fixed length control field |
170503t2017 my a f a m 000 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
|---|
| International Standard Book Number |
THE0007799(Local) |
| 039 #9 - LEVEL OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL AND CODING DETAIL [OBSOLETE] |
|---|
| Level of rules in bibliographic description |
201906131120 |
| Level of effort used to assign nonsubject heading access points |
nadia |
| Level of effort used to assign subject headings |
201705171042 |
| Level of effort used to assign classification |
fateeha |
| -- |
201705031211 |
| -- |
fateeha |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
|---|
| Original cataloging agency |
UMP |
| 090 ## - LOCALLY ASSIGNED LC-TYPE CALL NUMBER (OCLC); LOCAL CALL NUMBER (RLIN) |
|---|
| Classification number (OCLC) (R) ; Classification number, CALL (RLIN) (NR) |
FIST .A36 2017 r Thesis |
| 100 0# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
|---|
| Personal name |
Nor Ain Syuhada Zuhaimi |
| 245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT |
|---|
| Title |
Gypsum based catalysts for the catalytic synthesis of glycerol carbonate / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
Nor Ain Syuhada Zuhaimi |
| 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. |
|---|
| Place of publication, distribution, etc. |
Kuantan, Pahang : |
| Name of publisher, distributor, etc. |
UMP, |
| Date of publication, distribution, etc. |
2017 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
|---|
| Extent |
xv, 121 p. : |
| Other physical details |
ill. (some col.) ; |
| Dimensions |
30 cm. + |
| Accompanying material |
1 CD-ROM |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
|---|
| General note |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| 502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE |
|---|
| Dissertation note |
Thesis (Master of Science (Industrial Chemistry)) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2017 |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
|---|
| Bibliography, etc. note |
Bibliography : p. 104-117 |
| 520 3# - SUMMARY, ETC. |
|---|
| Summary, etc. |
Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol has attracted the interest from many researchers across the world due to their interesting chemical properties. However, the tremendous growth of biodiesel have make drop of glycerol’s price due to the excessive production of glycerol. Therefore, researchers find it necessary to tune this chemical into a value added compound such as glycerol carbonate. In this study, the catalytic carbonylation of glycerol with urea in the presence of treated commercial gypsum and red gypsum as catalyst are reported for the first time. Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) is one of the waste materials produced from advanced material industrial processing plant. Red gypsum is an unwanted by-product from titanium dioxide manufacturing industry. The effects of physical and chemical pre-treatment procedures on both gypsums were investigated. To obtain the catalyst structure-activity relationship, the treated catalysts were characterised by means of several characterisation techniques (i.e., XRD, TGA, BET surface area, SEM, CO2–TPD, NH3–TPD and Hammett test). Tunable physicochemical properties of gypsum based catalysts were successfully prepared by varying the pre-treatment techniques, which later on contributed to the variation of catalytic activity toward glycerol carbonate formation from glycerol. The highest catalytic activity obtained was for catalyst consisting β-CaSO4 phase where it produced 83.6% yield of glycerol carbonate for commercial gypsum and 87.4% for red gypsum, respectively. The presence of Ca2+ acts as Lewis acid sites while (SO4)2- acts as conjugate basic sites in gypsum based catalysts is responsible for the catalytic activity. Optimisation for the red gypsum catalyst showed that the suitable parameters for catalytic testing were 150 °C, 340 rpm and 0.25 g (1.81 wt%) with 4 h reaction time respectively. Gypsum catalyst is easily recoverable and reusable for subsequent cycles of reaction. Similar physico-chemical properties of fresh and used catalyst were confirmed through XRD and SEM. Besides, the mechanistic pathway of glycerol carbonate was confirmed through the formation of glycerol carbamate as intermediate compound which was further established through time on-stream analysis study using 13C NMR and ATR–FTIR, respectively. The study clearly supports conversion of waste into wealth while promising proper disposal of waste to produce value added product. |
| 610 20 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME |
|---|
| Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element |
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Universities and Colleges |
| General subdivision |
Dissertations |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Theses |