Association between physical and psychosocial risk factor with fatigue level among courier service workers / Alya Nadhirah Binti Ismail

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Thesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan - 2025

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The courier industry plays a vital role in modern logistics, facilitating the rapid delivery of goods and supporting the global supply chain. However, industrial assessments within this sector are frequently overlooked, despite the physically demanding nature of the job. Couriers often face repetitive tasks such as lifting and carrying heavy packages, frequent bending, and prolonged driving. Yet, industrial research or assessments typically receive less attention compared to the manufacturing and construction industry. This oversight can result in poor workplace performance and support for couriers, impacting both worker health and overall productivity. Addressing these challenges through comprehensive ergonomic evaluations can reduce injury risks, improve job satisfaction, and enhance the operational efficiency, ensuring a sustainable workforce for the future. Therefore, on the aim of this study is to determine the association between physical, psychosocial risk factors and fatigue levels among courier workers. A cross-sectional study was used as the research design. The questionnaires were developed by adopting traits from multiple validated questionnaires and content validity tests through expert panels. The data were collected from 434 courier workers. The findings revealed significant ergonomic risk factors, particularly awkward postures, followed by repetitive motion and forceful exertion. It is also highlighted employment factors as the highest scoring psychosocial risks, followed by work relationships and work demand. Overall, the courier workers experience medium levels of fatigue in their work, starting with a lack of energy, physical exertion, sleepiness, physical discomfort, and a lack of motivation respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed a significant association between psychosocial risks (employment factors, work relationships, and job demand) and fatigue (feeling a lack of energy). Understanding and mitigating these risk factors can lead to more effective targeted intervention strategies, promoting a safe work environment for workers while demonstrating ethical business practices in accordance with DOSH and the national guidelines.