Chemical compositions of different varieties of mushrooms / Kesavaraaj A/l Veerappan

Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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Mushrooms are naturally derived foods that contain bioactive chemicals that may have beneficial health effects. One of the research objectives was to determine the presence of bioactive compounds in various mushrooms species. Besides that, this research was to determine the correlation of various mushroom species. The area of research covered six species of mushrooms namely Pleurotus floridanus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Ganoderma lucidum, and Lignosus rhinocerotis which were dried and powdered followed by dissolving in ethanol and water. Before the samples being analyzed for their chemical compositions by advanced techniques, UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, the sample solution was sonicated and centrifuged to separate the extract with the solution. Two solvent systems were used in extracting bioactive compounds, one contains about 80% ethanol and 20% water, where a larger spectrum of compounds extracted were observed, while the other is 100% water where the extraction mostly favors polar molecules and therefore limit the possible bioactive substances obtainable. The analysis highlights significant variations in compound profiles based on solvent polarity, with ethanol-rich (80% ethanol:20% water) mixtures favoring the extraction of hydrophobic compounds like flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolics, while pure water preferentially extracts polar compounds such as glycosides and peptides. PCA results reveal that Pearl and Indian Oyster Mushrooms in ethanol-rich solvents strongly contribute to the primary axes of variation, reflecting their rich bioactive compound profiles. HCA further clusters mushrooms based on their compound composition, revealing solvent-dependent grouping patterns. Key bioactive compounds identified include 4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone and cnidimol D. The findings underscore the critical role of solvent choice in shaping the diversity and yield of bioactive compounds, as well as the utility of multivariate analysis in unraveling complex chemical datasets. This research not only highlights the medicinal potential of bioactive compounds from mushrooms but also provides a methodological framework for optimizing compound extraction and profiling