Formulation of propolis balm using rice bran wax for topical uses / Nur Damia Ashiqin Binti Jasman

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Pharmaceuticals) with Hons ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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Propolis, a natural resinous substance known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties, is combined with rice bran wax, a natural emollient and stabilizer, to enhance the balm’s therapeutic effectiveness and stability. Propolis and rice bran wax both align with the demand for eco-friendly products and global sustainability goals. This study aims to formulate propolis balm using rice bran wax with different concentrations and to assess the physical properties which evaluate the pH, organoleptic study, stability, and analyze total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the propolis balm. Propolis was extracted using propylene glycol, and nine balm formulations were produced with varying concentrations of propolis extract which are (5%, 10% and 20%) (w/v) and different ratios of wax-to-oil mixture. The formulations were optimized for texture and stability, and evaluated physically for visual appearance, pH using pH meter, and organoleptic characteristics through feedback from 30 female respondents from UMPSA. Finally, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the propolis balm were analyzed using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that the 20% concentration propolis extract of the propolis balm exhibited the highest TPC (0.283 mg/mL GAE) and TFC (3.543 mg/mL QE), as well as antioxidant activity (68.182%). Higher propolis extract concentrations correlated with increased antioxidant effects, indicating that propolis content significantly influences balm efficacy. Next, pH values of the formulation within the range 4.66–4.90, and organoleptic evaluations confirmed favourable sensory attributes with minimal irritation which this formulation suitable and safe to apply on the skin. The spreading area measurements (78.550–346.406 mm²) demonstrated balms' ability to optimize coverage and maintaining structural integrity. Stability testing over 14 days under chiller and oven conditions revealed noticeable changes in TPC, TFC, pH, and spreadability, highlighting the impact of storage conditions on the balms' physical and chemical properties. Overall, the study identified the best formulations as 5% concentration of propolis extract and wax-to-oil at ratio 1:5, paving the way for future optimization and safety studies in natural skincare products.