Biofuel of fish processing waste from Clarias Batrachus and Pangasius Sutchi to generate alternative energy by using microbial fuel cell / Nur Jalilah Jamil

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

Project Paper (Bachelors of Civil Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2015

Bibliography : p. 54-58

This paper is an overview of the applications of membranes technology on treating groundwater. The treated water is aimed to satisfy the drinking water requirement standard set by the Malaysian National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). In this research, there are two types of membranes that been used, which are nanofiltration (NF) and ultra filtration (UF). The treated water was investigated with three types of parameters; physical, chemical, and biological. It examines the possibility and efficiency of these membranes in removing hardness, organics, viruses and bacteria, iron, manganese and fluoride. Some of these applications have proven to be soundness and can be measured as known capabilities. Even so, there are still some other applications that being researched on laboratory scale. Thus, a wide range of studies can be conducted to enable a better judgment on the performance of membranes operation Based on AAPHA IT HAS standard value for BOD and COD. A statistical analysis was conducted on the results obtained to identify the accuracy and validity of data, which in this case, Paired sample test was used. Referring to the statistical notation of (p< 0.05), conclusion on the significance of the results and variables were made. It is justified statistically that the data obtained for each treatment using different membranes are valid and concise. As a result, it is found that nanofiltration and ultra filtration have different removal capability of water parameter but in all cases, ultra filtration membrane had a great efficiency in removing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand, which are the parameters that nanofiltration membrane are not competent well with. As a reverse, the nanofiltration membrane plays a better performance in removing total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, iron, manganese and fluoride. Therefore, it shows that the combination of nanofiltration and ultra filtration membranes produces an enhance water treatment performance. All the water parameters were successfully being removed by both of membrane according to the desired level that been set by the regulations of NDWQS except for fluoride contents. The fluoride concentration was higher than the maximum value set by the laws which is 0.6 mg/L. Therefore, in order to enhance the performance of water treatment, a fluoride removal filter such activated alumina is required to be installed in WASRA system so that the water will be clean and safe to be consumed by human. In overall, the performance of water treatment via nanofiltration and ultra filtration membrane in WASRA system is great enough in treating groundwater to be a drinking water