Development of animal feed from waste to wealth using napier grass and palm acid oil (PAO) from palm oil mill effluence (POME) / Nurul Huwaida Anuar Zamani

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

Project Paper (Bachelor of Civil Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2018

Includes bibliographical references

Water eutrophication, which refers to the enrichment of nutrients to an aquatic environment, is one of the most challenging problems in water protection. Water lettuce is a mechanism of eutrophication. The overgrown of water lettuce will cause the lake to have oxygen depletion. On the other hand, Malaysian people use coconut milk in most of their delicacies. Hence there are a lot of coconut waste produce from the production of coconut milk. Coconut waste was dumped and burned. This contaminate the environment by, for example, nitrogen (N) leaching into groundwater and carbon dioxide emissions. This high production of palm oil results in high production of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and this can damage the ecology of the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, this study will focus on utilizing the waste to developed cattle feeds as there feedstock nowadays is expensive and the demand of meats consumption is increasing. This study is to investigate the effectiveness of feeding cattle with a mixture of palm acid oil (PAO) from palm oil mill effluent (POME), water lettuce, coconut waste and Napier grass. These material will be mixed and form a feed formulation. This study also want to develop a cattle feed that will help to reduce the water lettuce and coconut waste negative impact to the environment. Besides that, the best formulation of the cattle feed will be determine. The amount of each material will be different for each formula. This cattle feed will use the waste in order to follow the Green Technology. The formulation of the feed are based from Department of Veterinary Services Feeding Guide book. This study is focus on reducing the negative impact to the environment by utilizing the waste of POME, coconut waste and water lettuce. There are three formulation that was tested on cattle to determine the most suitable formulation. The formulation have different amount of each material. The nutrient in each formulation was calculated based on feeding guides by Department of Veterinary entitled nutrient composition of Malaysian feed materials and guides to feeding of cattles and goats. There are four cattles that was involved in this study. Three cattle was fed with the formulation. Meanwhile, the other one was fed with its regular feeds which is Napier Grass only and act as the control. The result obtained will be compared with the control cattle. The feed intake of each cattle was recorded. The result shows that the formulation is good for high growth performance of the cattles compare to the regular feeds. This is because the formulation have more nutrients in it. In fact it has more nutrient than the cattle need to grow. The control cattle did not gain as much as formulation A. Thus, this prove that the formulation is effective compare to the regular feeds and it is cheaper. Apart from that, the high growth performance can help to cater the high demand of meats consumption.