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The potential of waste red gypsum as commercial bricks / Mohd Amirul Hakim Sidek

By:

Mohd Amirul Hakim Sidek [author.]

Material type: Text

text
text

Media type:

unmediated
computer

Carrier type:

volume
computer disc

ISBN:

THE0008925(Local)

Subject(s):

Dissertation note: Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2019 Abstract: Red gypsum (RG) waste is one of the major solid wastes generated in Malaysia and currently RG is mainly sent to secured landfill within the premise of the waste generators. In this study, RG was investigated for its potential to be used as replacement for cement and sand in the manufacturing of cement brick using industrial brick manufacturing facility. RG was secured from the landfill of a titanium dioxide manufacturing plant, some 90 km away from the brick manufacturing plant. Based on the chemical composition, six (6) mixes consists of cement replacement were formulated and tested at 7 and 28 days for compressive strength, water absorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed by increasing the content of RG, replacing the cement content, resulted in the decrease of the brick’s compressive strength due to the absence of pozzolanic reaction. The absence of pozzolanic reaction was confirmed from the TGA results on the samples of the bricks. Effect of water to cement (w/c) ratio was investigated at 66% cement replacement. The results showed increasing trend of compressive strength with the increase of w/c ratio (within w/c ratio of 0.30 to 0.50). RG is a good water absorbent, hence water was equally attracted by RG and cement in the solid mix. Therefore, sufficient amount of water was needed to react with calcium oxide (CaO) in cement in producing hydration products for the compressive strength development. The study then continued with sand replacement formulation where an optimum replacement of 25% had been achieved. This replacement increased the compressive strength of the bricks as a result of good arrangement of fine and very fine aggregates within the brick matrix. Further, optimization of this mix was done using five different w/c ratios where increasing the w/c ratio increase the compressive strength of the bricks. In this study, it was established that the operable range of parameters viable for commercial production are at cement to sand (c:s) ratio of 1:9, RG of 25%, and w/c ratio between 0.35 to 0.55. An industrial guideline for RG brick manufacturing industry was established based on the outcome of this study. The guideline can be used by RG brick manufacturer to select the best w/c ratio to be used in the RG brick manufacturing for a specific market segment in order to maximize its profit and competitiveness.

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Holdings ( 2 )
Title notes ( 4 )

Holdings
Item type	Current library	Collection	Call number	Copy number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Thesis	UMPLIB GAMBANG	Reference	FTKKP .A457 2019 r Thesis (Browse shelf(Opens below))	1	Not for loan		T000000932
Thesis	UMPLIB GAMBANG	Reference	CD12693 (Browse shelf(Opens below))	1	Not for loan		T000000933

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology

Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2019

Includes bibliographical references

Red gypsum (RG) waste is one of the major solid wastes generated in Malaysia and currently RG is mainly sent to secured landfill within the premise of the waste generators. In this study, RG was investigated for its potential to be used as replacement for cement and sand in the manufacturing of cement brick using industrial brick manufacturing facility. RG was secured from the landfill of a titanium dioxide manufacturing plant, some 90 km away from the brick manufacturing plant. Based on the chemical composition, six (6) mixes consists of cement replacement were formulated and tested at 7 and 28 days for compressive strength, water absorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed by increasing the content of RG, replacing the cement content, resulted in the decrease of the brick’s compressive strength due to the absence of pozzolanic reaction. The absence of pozzolanic reaction was confirmed from the TGA results on the samples of the bricks. Effect of water to cement (w/c) ratio was investigated at 66% cement replacement. The results showed increasing trend of compressive strength with the increase of w/c ratio (within w/c ratio of 0.30 to 0.50). RG is a good water absorbent, hence water was equally attracted by RG and cement in the solid mix. Therefore, sufficient amount of water was needed to react with calcium oxide (CaO) in cement in producing hydration products for the compressive strength development. The study then continued with sand replacement formulation where an optimum replacement of 25% had been achieved. This replacement increased the compressive strength of the bricks as a result of good arrangement of fine and very fine aggregates within the brick matrix. Further, optimization of this mix was done using five different w/c ratios where increasing the w/c ratio increase the compressive strength of the bricks. In this study, it was established that the operable range of parameters viable for commercial production are at cement to sand (c:s) ratio of 1:9, RG of 25%, and w/c ratio between 0.35 to 0.55. An industrial guideline for RG brick manufacturing industry was established based on the outcome of this study. The guideline can be used by RG brick manufacturer to select the best w/c ratio to be used in the RG brick manufacturing for a specific market segment in order to maximize its profit and competitiveness.