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    <subfield code="a">A development of collaboration  model for strategic engagement  between sme malaysia and  universities using attitudinal  parameter in the context of  university industry collaboration /</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Faculty of Manufacturing &amp; Mechatronics Engineering Technology</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang &#x2013; 2023</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">The research is inspired by the fact that the collaboration between university and industry  in Malaysia has been for so many years dominantly operated based on entrepreneurial  university concept. This entrepreneurial university concept focus on academic research  commercialisation outputs with companies which has R&amp;D facilities and favour a formal  mode of interaction under the innovation by research strategy. SMEs however being the  major contributor of the national economic landscape favour collaboration based on  informal mode has missed its significance in the existing national strategic collaborative  platform due to the absence of its undefined interactions and strategic model for  quantifying its UIC performance. The aim of the study is to assess and understand the  university-industry interaction in the form of collaboration model termed as UniversityEnterprise-Collaboration (UEC) between university and SME. The assessment is  conducted by integrating attitudinal parameter to the engagement characteristics of a  classic university-industry collaboration (UIC) interaction design under the concept of  Engaged Scholarship (ES). In this study a structured survey instrument is developed from  selected engagement parameters based on literature to study the interaction parameters  among the SME practitioners and university researchers. The targeted respondents must  be at least once involved in collaborative research projects with minimum criteria of three  years&#x2019; service in the university and five years of service in SME. The data is statistically  analysed based on relative importance value followed by DOE method and regression  analysis to obtain the instrumental UEC collaboration design which is developed into  formulations of mathematical expressions that reflect the UEC interactive design with  quantifiable means. The instrumental model is considered as a linear model because it  does not carry the &#x2018;trust&#x2019; element that dictates the core component of UEC relationship.  Therefore, to elementally develop the instrumental model to become a competent one, a  behavioural dimension which consists of the collaborative actors&#x2019; functional  characteristics i.e., knowledge and behaviour is integrated in the later stage of the model  development to produce a characterized model that reflects the attitudinal behaviour of  the U-SME collaboration actors. This competent model which is characterized with the  actors&#x2019; attitudes is now having the mathematical function which enable the UEC  performance to be of a measurable value because it is embedded with the UEC contextual  interaction designed to achieve innovativeness in SMEs. The development of the  competent model for UEC is a significant attempt to realize a collaborative model  because it enables the engagement strength of the collaborative interaction between  university and SME (UEC) to be of a measured value (EV). The competence in the UEC  model is regarded as strategic to SMEs due to these three elements: (i) integration of UEC  actors&#x2019; intrinsic attitudinal element (a) knowledge and (b) behaviour to the mathematical  equation (ii) the introduction of the Innovator Definition (ID) that reflects the actor&#x2019;s role  in innovation strategy and (iii) the embedding of Knowledge Creation Descriptors (KDC)  for the UEC conceptual knowledge creation in achieving innovativeness. The measurable  performance using the mathematical expressions in the UEC model is expected able to  help the universities and SMEs to strategize their collaboration partners effectively even  at the point of early collaboration phase and sustain the U-SME relationship in a tangible  and effectively monitored collaboration which benefits both actors in the name of  innovation</subfield>
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