Nik Mohd Haikal Bin Mohamed  Hassan, <br/><br/>
Investigation of head impact  kinematics during sepak takraw  ball heading / 
Nik Mohd Haikal Bin Mohamed  Hassan 
 - xiv, 117 pages :  illustration ;  1 CD-ROM 
<br/><br/> Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology 
<br/><br/>Thesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2024 
<br/><br/>Includes bibliographical references 
<br/><br/> Sepak Takraw is an acrobatic sport where players use their feet, knees, chests, and heads  to keep a rattan ball aloft. Concussions and subconcussions from intentional ball-to-head  impacts are a concern in the sport. Compared to soccer balls, the Sepak Takraw ball is  claimed to have higher hardness while players must receive high-speed serves. Multiple  ball-to-head impacts may increase subconcussion risk. Thus, the objectives of this study  are to determine the quasi-static and dynamic properties, to predict the head impact  kinematics of the sepak takraw ball heading model using a mass-spring-damper system,  and to investigate the head impact kinematics and injury risk of takraw ball heading  through an anthropomorphic testing device (ATD) experiment. The study employed a  compression test to quantify the quasi-static properties of the ball and a drop ball test to  characterize its dynamic properties. The tests were done using two types of tournamentspecific ball: Marathon (MT908) and Gajah Emas (GE908). Building on a mass-springdamper model established for soccer balls in literature, the model was adapted for the  Sepak Takraw ball. Subsequently, a ball-heading experiment was conducted using a ball  launcher on an ATD. The findings revealed three distinct orientations of the takraw ball,  each influencing both quasi-static and dynamic stiffness. Orientation 1 exhibited the  highest quasi-static stiffness, while the dynamic stiffness indicated that MT908 was  stiffer than GE511. The drop ball test yielded crucial stiffness, k and damping coefficient  values, c incorporated into the mathematical model: the proposed sepak takraw ball k and  c are 26673.23 N/m and 18.492 Ns/m for GE511, and 30672.20 N/m 20.249 Ns/m for  MT908, respectively. The mass-spring-damper model enabled the quantification of peak  linear acceleration, aligning with Sepak Takraw literature and corroborating with results  from other soccer sports studies. Comparison between the model and the ball-heading  experiment demonstrated coherence, validating the accuracy (89.38%) of the model.  Importantly, both linear and rotational accelerations recorded during the ball-heading  experiment were found to be distinctly below the concussion threshold even at 80 km/h  (27.37g for PLA). The assessment of head injury risk, utilizing the Head Injury Criteria  (HIC) value (0.008%), indicated an almost negligible Probability of Abbreviated Injury  Scale 1 (AIS1) occurrence. In conclusion, the study recommends further exploration into  subconcussive impacts during Sepak Takraw ball heading to provide a comprehensive  understanding of head injury risks in this dynamic sport. 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>THE0009915 (Local) 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Corporate Names: </label><br/>Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology--Dissertations
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Universities and colleges--Dissertations<br/>Theses--Dissertations