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    <subfield code="a">Code cloning is an activity of duplicating a code via copy and paste with no or slight  modifications into another fragment code recurrently in a program. Four code clone types  are identified in the code clone domain which are Type-1, Type-2, Type-3 and Type-4.  Code clone detection approaches and tools have been found to reduce code cloning in a  program. The development of a code clone model increases the detection certainty as it  solves the lack of generality in detection approaches and tools. Code clone detection for  each clone type has been restricted due to different intermediate source representations.  The Generic Code Clone Detection (GCCD) model was designed to detect all clones in  Java applications. This tool was developed with five main processes namely preprocessing, transformation, parameterization, categorization and match detection  process. Nonetheless, based on the result from the GCCD prototype, it was identified that  GCCD was unable to detect a large number of clones in comparison to existing code  clone detection tools such as CLAN, NiCad, and CloneManager. Specifically, GCCD  depicted unstable results of overall total clone pairs and total clone pairs based on clone  types detected in four Java applications compared to existing code clone detection tools.  Therefore, this research proposes three experiments to enhance the detection result of  GCCD. These experiments are in line with the objectives of this research. The first  experiment is to enhance the match detection process of GCCD using Chi-Square  distance. This experiment tested out the GCCD prototype with different distance measure  formulae to explore the suitability of the distance measure formula. Chi-Square managed  to detect the highest overall total clone pairs and total clone pairs based on clone types  compared to other distance measures. Next, the second experiment was an enhancement  on the parameterization process of GCCD using the protected access modifier weightage  value as the constant parameter. This experiment was performed after the first experiment  with a Java access modifier to find a feasible constant parameter. Based on the second  experiment, protected access as a constant value managed to detect the highest overall  total clone pairs and total clone pairs based on clone types. Although there was a slight  difference in detection rate in one of the tested Java applications, protected weightage  remained as the highest clone rate recorded among other Java access modifiers. The third  experiment was a comparative analysis performed together with existing code clone  detection tools and the novel GCCD to validate the enhanced GCCD. Generally, the  findings of this experiment showed that the enhanced GCCD depicted an inconstant  higher total clone pair and overall total clone pairs. Other code clone detection tools  achieved superior clone detection performance, which is primarily attributed to their  distinct intermediate representation and detection approach, necessitating tool-specific  detection procedures that allowed the code clone detection results to be varied.  Nonetheless, this improved GCCD contributes to GCCD&#x2019;s performance, adding to the  current literature in constructing a code clone detection model. The dataset for this  research was based on Java applications from Bellon&#x2019;s benchmark data, with the size of  largest Java application being 204,000 lines of code and 538 source files. Meanwhile, the  smallest Java application had 19,000 lines of code as well as 101 source files. In  conclusion, the detection result from the enhanced GCCD recorded a higher detection  result for overall total clone pairs and clone pairs based on clone types and overcame the  weakness of the state-of-art GCCD by achieving successful experiments</subfield>
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