04313ntm a2200301 i 4500003000800000005001700008006001900025007000300044008004100047020003300088040002700121100003500148245013600183264003500319264001200354300005900366336002100425337002500446338002300471347002400494500005900518502007300577504004000650520317600690610007403866650004503940650002603985MY-KuUP20251125111039.0t||||fr|||| 000 0 ta250514t20242024my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d  aTHE0010053 (Local)qHardback  aUMPSAbengcUMPSAerda0 aWan Amnin Wan Yahaya,eauthor.10aDevelopment of seaweed-based  active film loaded with eugenol and α-tocopherol for meat preservation /cWan Amnin Binti Wan Yahaya 1aKuantan Pahang :bUMPSA,c2024 4c© 2024  axviii, 171pages :billustrations ;c30 cm. +e1 CD-ROM  2rdacontentatext  2rdamediaaunmediated  2rdacarrieravolume  2rdaatext filebPDF  aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology  aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2024  aIncludes bibliographical references3 aActive films made from biopolymer materials offer a promising alternative to petroleum plastics addressing significant waste disposal issues. Despite their potential, the  application of these films in the seaweed food industry remains unexplored with only  10% of the potential usage investigated. Furthermore, studies on the interaction and  migration of active agents within these films are limited highlighting their applications. Thus, this work aims to develop biodegradable films made from bio-based materials  consist of 2% w/v different seaweed derivatives such as kappaphycus alvarezii (KA),  Kappa Carrageenan (KC), Refined Carrageenan (RC), Semi-Refined Carrageenan (SRC)  as a biopolymer plasticized with 0.9% v/v glycerol (G) reinforced with different  concentrations of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) derived from palm waste were developed.  Characterization of the seaweed derivatives bio-based film containing 5, 10, and 13% v/v CNF were studied based on their mechanical, physical and thermal properties such as  tensile strength and elongation at break, thickness, moisture content, opacity, water  solubility and thermal stability of film. The hydrogen bonding was determine using DFT  calculation generate by Gauss view software. Furthermore, the study explored the  incorporation of different concentrations of 0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4% v/v Eugenol (Eu) and  0.2%,0.4% v/v α-tokoferol (Tp) into the films. Moreover, the migration study of Eu and  Tp active films were determined using various release models such as Zero-order, Firstorder, Ritger and Peppas, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell models. SRC+G+10%CNF  identified as the optimal formulation based on its superior mechanical properties, low  water solubility, low water vapor permeability, and high decomposition temperature. The  film exhibited a tensile strength (45.98 MPa), an elongation at break (19.18%), an opacity  (6.68), a moisture content (42.59%), and a water vapor permeability (1.3719 × 10-11 g. s - 1 m-1 Pa-1 ), making it a promising bio-based film incorporating active agents. The  hydrogen bond between carrageenan and cellulose nanofiber with a distance of 2.02 Å.  SGC-0.4% Eu exhibited a tensile strength (40.11 MPa), elongation at break (21.96%), an  opacity of (7.73), a moisture content (17.81%), a film solubility (34.76%), and a water  vapor permeability (2.12 x10-11g.s-1m-1pa-1 ). Additionally, it showed a higher activation  energy (365.82 kJ/mol), enhanced stability and a release rate of polyphenols up to 25  days of storage, highlighting its potential as a biodegradable packaging solution for  prolonging food shelf life. The first-order kinetic model demonstrated the most suitable  fit (R2 : 0.9625 to 0.9904) for describing the release behavior of both compounds,  indicating a concentration-dependent slow-release diffusion behavior. These findings  suggest that the active films offer controlled and sustained release of active compounds,  making them promising candidates for active food packaging. SGC-0.4% Tp showed the  best performance in terms of both antioxidant activity and structural properties, making  it the most suitable option for food packaging.20aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering TechnologyxDissertations 0aUniversities and collegesxDissertations 0aThesesxDissertations