Heeranyaa A/p Nadaraja creator author. text my 2025 2025 monographic eng

electronic

xiii, 71 pages : illustrations ; The study highlights the use of kitchen food waste, such as fruit and vegetable remain, as a source for biofertilizer production, contributing to waste reduction and soil health. Techniques such as aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion are discussed for their roles in nutrient recycling, with anaerobic digestate showing advantages in nutrient content and lower pathogen risks. The incorporation of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), liquid probiotics and EM solutions further supports soil fertility, enhances microbial diversity, and promotes plant development. This study also investigated the impact of various treatments on the fermentation process and subsequent plant growth. Five samples were examined which were Plain Sealed, Rhizobium Unsealed, Liquid Probiotics Sealed, EM Solution Sealed, and EM Solution Unsealed. Fermentation activity and odor were observed on days 15 and 30, revealing consistent fermentation across all samples. However, fungal growth varied significantly, with sealed conditions generally exhibiting lower fungal counts. The study also identified the two best-performing samples as Plain (Sealed) and EM Solution (Sealed), both demonstrating exceptional plant growth, chlorophyll content, and balanced development under sealed conditions. The Plain (Sealed) sample achieved the highest chlorophyll content (1.325 mg/g) and exhibited robust growth with the longest root height (4 cm) and significant plant height (9.5 cm) by the 30th day, despite a decline in germination rate from 80% to 50%. On the other hand, the EM Solution (Sealed) sample also excelled, with a consistent germination rate that slightly decreased to 60%, and a significant increase in chlorophyll content to 1.25 mg/g, reflecting superior photosynthetic activity and overall plant health. It achieved balanced growth, reaching 9.5 cm in height and developing six leaves. In conclusion, the sealed condition refers to anaerobic digestion, including plain (sealed) and EM solution (sealed), which are the most effective biofertilizers for promoting plant growth specialized Heeranyaa A/p Nadaraja Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science in Industrial Biotechnology) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Include bibliographical reference Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Final Year Report Dissertations THE0010296 (Local) UMPSA 260121 20260121155337.0 eng