Wong, Shi Qi creator author. text my 2025 2025 monographic eng xii, 63 pages : illustrations ; In this study, various types of honey commercially available in Malaysia were considered: Tualang, Kelulut, Gelam, Acacia, and normal commercial brands honey. While the literature continues to provide concerns about honey’s authenticity and quality, interest developed herein pertains specifically to pH analyses, free acidity, electrical conductivity, colour intensity, the reducing sugars content, moisture content, ashes, and the amount of hydroxymethylfurfural. The samples were taken from significant supermarkets and online retailers, then followed by rigorous laboratory analyses, including UV-Vis spectrophotometry and other standard methods. The ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.001) in the physicochemical properties across honey samples. The lowest pH was for Kelulut honey, which was 2.807±0.095 and significantly differed from other samples, while it had the highest free acidity (84.250±16.068 meq/kg). Gelam and Commercial honey had the lowest free acidity, 7.000±0.000 meq/kg and 5.250±1.810 meq/kg, respectively. Acacia honey showed the highest electrical conductivity (0.662±0.131 mS/cm), while the lowest (0.106±0.009 mS/cm) was for Commercial honey. In terms of colour intensity, Kelulut honey demonstrated the darkest colour (3.933±1.620), significantly darker than Gelam honey (1.127±0.011). Kelulut honey also recorded the lowest reducing sugars content (53.534±3.347 %), compared to Acacia honey (67.288±3.538 %) and Tualang honey (67.053±4.878 %). Moisture content was highest in Kelulut honey (23.665±1.104 %), exceeding the Codex Alimentarius limit for Apis mellifera honey. Acacia honey exhibited the highest ash content (18.307±1.136 %), indicative of its mineral richness. However, Commercial honey had the highest HMF level of 86.62616.801 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limits set by the standards and regulations applied in Malaysia, indicating heat treatment or prolonged storage. These results emphasise the need for an effective quality control system and more stringent applications of Malaysia and international standards to ensure consumer confidence and the authenticity of the products. specialized Wong Shi Qi Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science in Industrial Biotechnology) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Include bibliographical reference Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations THE0010401 (Local) UMPSA 260227 20260227122024.0 eng