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    <subfield code="a">Kuantan, Pahang :  BIOLOGICAL PRETREATMENT OF OIL PALM FRONDS (OPF) BY PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM SIA HUI YING</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Oil palm fronds (OPF), an abundant lignocellulosic biomass from the palm oil industry, hold  significant potential as a renewable biomass resource. However, the high lignin content in OPF  presents a major challenge for effective cellulose utilization. This study investigates the biological  pretreatment of OPF using the Phanerochaete chrysosporium in combination with surfactants  (coco-glucoside and Tween 80) to enhance lignin degradation and cellulose release. Both  submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) methods were evaluated under  controlled conditions, including particle sizes of 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, at a temperature of 30&#xB0;C,  with agitation at 125 rpm, and an incubation period of 15 days. The chemical composition of the  OPF was measured both before and after the pretreatment to allow for a comparison. Tween 80  exhibited slightly higher efficiency than coco-glucoside in increasing lignin solubility. After  harvesting the OPF biomass, cellulase-based enzyme saccharification was carried out for 144  hours at 50&#xB0;C. The DNS assay was applied to figure out the cellulose digestion percentage. The  results demonstrated that the glucose yield was higher in 1.5 mm OPF than in 0.5 mm OPF in both  fermentation methods. Additionally, it was discovered that Tween 80 significantly improved the  release of glucose. These results imply that P. chrysosporium-based biological pretreatment may  be a viable strategy for efficiently turning OPF into beneficial compounds</subfield>
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