TY  - BOOK
AU  - Kumuthini A/p Kohilen
TI  - Waste filter cake as a catalyst source for transesterification reaction
SN  - THE0010468 (Local)
PY  - 0000///UMPSA,
CY  - Kuantan, Pahang
PB  - 2025
KW  - Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
KW  - Dissertations
KW  - Universities and colleges
KW  - Theses
N1  - Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology; Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025; Include bibliographical reference
N2  - The utilization of industrial waste instead of disposing them offers benefits not only for waste  management but also as resource recovery. This research focused on studying the  heterogeneous catalytic potential of calcined waste filter cake (CFC) derived from palm  empty fruit bunch (EFB) processing in the transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) to  produce biodiesel. The CFC was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with  Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET)  and X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). The results revealed a mesoporous structure (pores that  are 2–50 nanometers in diameter) with a surface area of 40.88 m²/g and the predominance of  crystalline calcium oxide (CaO), being the main contributions for the catalytic activity. The  catalytic performance of CFC was evaluated by varying its concentrations (1.0 g, 2.0 g, 3.0 g,  and 4.0 g), achieving methyl ester conversion rates of 11.51 %, 14.65 %, 25.43 %, and 23.85 %, respectively. Qualitative analysis via thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier  transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the product confirmed the presence of fatty acid  methyl esters (FAMEs) but revealed incomplete triglyceride conversion. Meanwhile, gas  chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis disclosed the quantitative data  on the yield. The overall result indicated that while CFC has promising structural and  chemical properties, its catalytic efficiency is limited by factors such as active site availability, limitations of mass transfer, and challenges in stirring, particularly at higher catalyst concentrations. Recommendations for enhancing CFC’s performance are to optimize calcination parameters, explore advanced reactor designs, integrate co-catalysts, and test with  alternative feedstocks. Regardless of the low conversion rates, this study highlights the  potential of CFC as a cost-effective, sustainable catalyst and lays the groundwork for further  research to optimize its application in biodiesel production
UR  - https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/46067
ER  -