Chua, Kar Wei creator author. text my 2024 2024 monographic eng xv, 34 pages : illustrations ; Palm oil plays a vital role in the global agricultural industry as a primary source of vegetable oil, and it is one of Malaysia's top export commodities. However, the sustainability of oil palm cultivation is confronted by the presence of pathogenic fungi, particularly Ganoderma spp., responsible for basal stem rot (BSR). As a result, the application of fungicides is deemed essential to ensure global food security, and their use is expected to increase. However, current approaches result in significant waste of fungicides due to suboptimal delivery, uneven distribution, leaching, and runoff from treated areas. In absolute terms, agricultural expansion has resulted in increasing pollutant loads in the environment, especially surface and groundwater. Hence, this study aims to develop an eco-friendly and high-performance hexaconazole-loaded nanoemulsion that enables effective fungicide delivery to target pathogens while minimizing risks to the environment and human health. In this work, a nanoemulsion system, characterized by its stability and small particle size of around 106 nm, was successfully formulated using 4% (w/w) Tween 60 and 4% (w/w) of clove oil loaded with 1% hexaconazole. This composition was further enhanced by incorporating 2% (w/w) each of sucrose ester and glycerol. The formulated hexaconazole-loaded nanoemulsion demonstrated desirable physicochemical characteristics for fungicide application and an exceptional antifungal efficacy against Ganoderma boninense with a 97.1% inhibition percentage at 0.1 μg/mL as compared to control (36.3%). SEM revealed significant fungal hyphae damage from treatment, indicating a powerful, low dose formulated nanofungicide for sustainable oil palm protection. specialized Chua Kar Wei Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2024 Include bibliographical reference Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Theses Dissertations THE0010593 (Local) https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/46946 https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/46946 UMPSA 260611 20260611150423.0 eng