Nurshahira Hafiza Binti Zakaria creator author. text my 2024 2024 monographic eng xiii, 28 pages : illustrations ; Pineapple leaves are a rich source of protein, minerals, vitamin and fibre, but they should not be considered as a complete feed for ruminants due to the potential digestive complications. Many study involved in exploring the use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) derived from Rhizopus oryzae to enhance protein content in pineapple waste. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of moisture content and inoculum size on the nutrient enrichment of fermented pineapple leaves using ‘ragi tape’, a traditional starter culture that contains Rhizopus oryzae, a fungus that can degrade cellulose to produce enzymes. This study can also validate the results by comparing the nutrient content of the fermented pineapple leaves with the raw pineapple leaves. Pineapple leaves can be used as a part of animal feed especially for ruminant due to their high fibre content. The nutritional value of pineapple leaf waste for ruminant feed can be improved using solid-state fermentation (SSF), the effect of two variable which is moisture content and inoculum size on the SSF process was studied. The inoculum size was varied from 1% to 5% (w/w) and the moisture percentage of the substrate was altered from 60% to 80% (w/w). This study involves the collecting and preparing the pineapple leaves waste, preparing the inoculum, adding the waste to the inoculum and analysed the results using uv-vis Spectrometer. The optimal inoculum size for maximizing BSA concentration is 2% (w/w), with a 6-fold increase in total protein concentration after fermentation. Moisture content plays a significant role in protein concentration, with a moisture content of 65% linked to the largest error bar. The optimal inoculum size and moisture content play a crucial role in determining antioxidant concentration during solid-state fermentation. Understanding these factors can improve the efficacy and productivity of using pineapple leaves as a feed alternative, ultimately benefiting the livestock sector. specialized Nurshahira Hafiza Binti Zakaria Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2024 Include bibliographical reference Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Theses Dissertations THE0010632 (Local) https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47097 https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47097 UMPSA 260624 20260624153605.0 eng