02876ntm a2200349 i 4500 MY-KuUP 20260708154427.0 t|||||r|||| 000 0 ta 260708t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d THE0010679 (Local) Hardback UMPSA eng UMPSA rda FTKKP .Z59 2025 r Bc. Goh, Zi Yi, author. Effect of inoculum size and bulking agent on nutrient content of fermented palm kernel cake / Goh Zi Yi Kuantan, Pahang : UMPSA, 2025 © 2025 32 pages : illustrations ; rdacontent text rdamedia unmediated rdacarrier volume rda text file PDF Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Include bibliographical reference Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant by-product of palm oil extraction, which is high in protein and fat content, making it a valuable ingredient in animal feed formulations. Study on fermenting palm kernel cake (PKC) as animal feed cuts waste, saves money, improves animal health, and helps learn better ways to ferment other materials. This study was done to identify the effect of inoculum size and bulking agent on the nutrient contents of fermented PKC through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Rhizopus oligosporus. The experiment was carried out using different bulking agents (straw, rice straw, sugar cane, coconut wood chip) and inoculum sizes (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5% w/w). The fermentation product was analysed for changes in fiber (Weende method), soluble protein content (Bradford method), total sugar content (DNS method), lactic acid content (Spectrophotometric method), and phenolic content (Follin-Ciocalteau technique). The results showed that sugar cane as a bulking agent showed the highest soluble protein (3.36 mg/g), reducing sugar (7.46 mg/g), and TPC (13.01 mg/g) with a reduction of crude fiber from 19.57 g to 15.88 g. The best inoculum size was found at 4.5 wt%, with the highest soluble protein (2.86 mg/g), second highest reducing sugar (9.42 mg/g), TPC (15.16 mg/g), and crude fiber reduction to 12.50%. Lactic acid shows minimal difference between different bulking agents and inoculum size, ranging between ±0.2 mg/g. In conclusion, it was found that the best bulking agent for PKC fermentation is sugar cane with the best inoculum size of Rhizopus oligosporus at 4.5 wt%. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Theses Dissertations https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47489 lcc PSM 0 0 lcc 0 0 10000 10000 2026-07-08 0 FTKKP .Z59 2025 r Bc. T000004274 2026-07-08 15:45:56 2026-07-08 PSM 105142 105148