03238ntm a2200349 i 4500 MY-KuUP 20260709154327.0 t|||||r|||| 000 0 ta 260709t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d THE0010694 (Local) Hardback UMPSA eng UMPSA rda FTKKP .A65 2025 r Bc. Nur Aqila Binti Adr, , , author. Investigate fermented palm kernel cake and papaya seed as protein sources for fish feed production / Nur Aqila Binti Adr Kuantan, Pahang : UMPSA, 2025 © 2025 xvi, 43 pages : illustrations ; rdacontent text rdamedia unmediated rdacarrier volume rda text file PDF Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Include bibliographical reference Conventionally, Fish Waste (FW) and Soybeans (SB) are always used as protein sources in fish feed production. However, the use of soybeans as a protein source affects fish growth due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To replace SB, other alternative protein sources can be used from waste, for example, Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS). Utilizing the abundance of agricultural waste in Malaysia, such as palm kernel cake and papaya seeds, offers a sustainable alternative to replace soybean in fish feed production. The objective of this study is to formulate fish feed production using Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS) in fish feed as other protein sources with different ratios to increase protein levels. Several key procedures have been employed in the formulation of fish feed, particularly the drying and grinding of PKC, PS, and FW. PKC, PS, and FW underwent a fermentation process using yeast for four days followed by formulation. The formulation will have four different ratios. For the formulation, each sample like PKC and PS will be mixed with FW. For the formulation is Sample 1 (90 % PKC/PS: 0% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 2 (60 % PKC/PS: 30% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 3 (45 % PKC/PS: 45% FW: 10% Starch) and Sample 4 (30 % PKC/PS: 60% FW: 10% Starch). Each sample was then analyzed for protein, lipid, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, and moisture to identify the most suitable ratio for fish feed formulation. The comparative study shows that sample 4 (30% palm kernel meal, 60% fish waste, 10% starch) has a greater protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture content compared to other samples, which makes them a better choice for inclusion in the preparation of fish meal. In conclusion, this research highlights the alternatives of using palm kernel meal, papaya seed, and fish waste as substitute protein sources in fish feed formulations that are nutritionally enhanced. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Theses Dissertations https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47557 lcc PSM 0 0 lcc 0 0 10000 10000 2026-07-09 0 FTKKP .A65 2025 r Bc. T000004288 2026-07-09 15:45:58 2026-07-09 PSM 105160 105166