Nur Wadiah Binti Mejlan,		 						 	,	, <br/><br/>
Effect of inoculum type and size on the production of lactic acid for animal feed in anaerobic fermentation / 
Nur Wadiah Binti Mejlan 
 - xv, 38 pages :  illustrations ; 
<br/><br/> Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology 
<br/><br/>Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 
<br/><br/>Include bibliographical reference 
<br/><br/> Lactic acid in animal feed helps to improve the digestion system in animals. The lactic acid in the animal feed market has grown, leading to high demand. The abundant palm oil fronds (OPF) waste from palm plantations can be used as animal feed. Fermented oil palm frond has low fiber content and high nutritional content makes it favorable as animal feed. Longer lag phase and hetero lactic fermentation are affected by inoculum type and size. However, the optimum type and size of inoculum for the OPF in SFF at anaerobic conditions has not yet been discussed. This study aims to optimize the inoculum type and size to improve lactic acid production and nutrient content for animal feed from oil palm fronds (OPF) using SSF under anaerobic condition. Firstly, OPF was weighed and mixed well with 3mL molasses, 3g NaCl, 1.5g coffee, 12mL water, 1g CaCO3 and inoculum (w/w%). The mixture was put into a jar and sealed before undergoing fermentation for 15 days. Various microorganisms (Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Rhizopus oligosporus, Decanter Cake and Effective Microorganisms (EM)) and inoculum sizes (1.5%,3%, 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% w/w) were investigated using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. The optimal conditions were Rhizopus oligosporus with 6% (w/w) of inoculum size. This results in significant enhancements of lactic acid and nutrients with the increment of lactic acid by 74.73%, protein content by 78.55%, reducing sugar by 55.41% and total phenolic content by 33.09% with the crude fiber reduction at 62.5%. These results indicated that solid-state fermentation (SSF) in anaerobic conditions can improve the lactic acid and nutritional value in oil palm fronds, making it suitable for use as animal feed. Future research should investigate the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio to enhance the production of lactic acid and nutrient content of fermented oil palm fronds. 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>THE0010701(Local) 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Corporate Names: </label><br/>Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology--Dissertations
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Universities and colleges--Dissertations<br/>Theses--Dissertations