03400ntm a2200337 i 4500 MY-KuUP 20260713112109.0 t|||||r|||| 000 0 ta 260713t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d THE0010715 (Local) Hardback UMPSA eng UMPSA rda FTKKP .S93 2025 r Bc. Syamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin, , , author. Harnessing the potential of water-in-diesel emulsions (wi/d) as a sustainable fuel / Syamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin Kuantan, Pahang : UMPSA, 2025 © 2025 xvi, 92 pages : illustrations ; rdacontent text rdamedia unmediated rdacarrier volume rda text file PDF Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Include bibliographical reference Water-in-diesel (Wi/D) has the potential to emerge as a sustainable fuel since its recognition has decreased the formation of exhaust emissions, particularly nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in diesel engines. However, the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsion play a significant role in ensuring the stability and capability of the emulsified fuel. In this study, an experiment was conducted to formulate and optimize Water-in-Diesel (Wi/D) emulsions and to characterize the formulated Wi/D emulsions in terms of physico-chemical properties under operating speeds at 10,000 rpm in 10 minutes. The study compared the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsions using three types of surfactants which were Span 80, Triton X-100, and UMPSA Surfactants NS-02-23. The stability, viscosity and the chemical constituents were examined as these properties could influence the sustainability or combustion efficiency such as engine combustion noise, brake power output and both ignition delay and flame propagation. Based on the result, the concentration of 1.0% was chosen for Triton -100 and 0.5% for Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. First, regarding the stability time taken for each type of surfactant, Triton X-100 is the most stable surfactant for water-in-diesel emulsion separation, while Span-80 and UMPSA exhibit less stability. Increased surfactant concentrations improve stability but reduce efficiency. Secondly, in FTIR result, Emulsifiers consist of hydrophilic groups like sorbitan and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with polar groups, and lipophilic groups like fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and esters, with long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains. According to the viscosity, Triton X-100 has a higher viscosity than Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. Overall, these findings have contributed to the fundamental understanding of water emulsification with diesel blend and the important role of surfactants to enhance the quality of Wi/D emulsion. Keywords: Water-in-Diesel emulsions; UMPSA Surfactants; Span 80; Triton X-100; physico-chemical properties Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Theses Dissertations lcc PSM 0 0 lcc 0 0 20000 20000 2026-07-13 0 FTKKP .S93 2025 r Bc. T000004309 2026-07-13 11:21:49 2026-07-13 RESTRICT 105184 105190