Nur Natasya Binti Mohd Khaidir,		 						 	,	, <br/><br/>
Development and characterization of botanical body lotions by using Indian jujube (extract) / 
Nur Natasya Binti Mohd Khaidir 
 - xii, 68 pages :  illustrations ; 
<br/><br/> Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology 
<br/><br/>Final Year Report (Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Pharmaceuticals) with Hons ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 
<br/><br/>Include bibliographical reference 
<br/><br/> This study explored the development and characterization of botanical body lotions by using indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) extracts focusing on their physicochemical characteristics, heavy metal content, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Indian jujube is a rich source that contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic that known for their antioxidant potential and antibacterial properties. Two formulations were developed using triethanolamine (TEA) and apple cider vinegar (ACV), as pH balancers to assess their impact on the lotions' performance. Physicochemical assessments of the formulations demonstrated their stability, pH compatibility with skin, viscosity, absorption, and homogenous and smoothness properties. Heavy metal analysis conducted by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) confirmed that the lotions contained safe levels of iron and copper, adhering to regulatory standards. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay where the F2 (ACV) based lotion exhibited superior antioxidant efficacy compared to the F1 (TEA) based lotion. The acidic environment created by the F2 (ACV) enhanced the reactivity and stability of bioactive compounds, leading to higher antioxidant activity. Moreover, antibacterial activity was assessed against the selected bacteria which is Escherichia coli, with the ACV-based lotion demonstrating enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to the TEA-based formulation. Therefore, both formulations achieved compliance with essential skincare standards, ensuring their suitability for cosmetic applications. The findings highlight the potential of indian jujube as a sustainable, natural ingredient for the development of effective and safer skincare products. The use of apple cider vinegar (ACV) as a pH balancer not only improved antioxidant properties but also offered a natural alternative to the usage of triethanolamine (TEA). The study contributes to the growing demand for sustainable and plant-based, eco-friendly skincare solutions and highlights the importance of optimizing formulation parameters to enhance product efficacy. Future work will involve exploring higher concentrations of indian jujube extract and evaluating their long-term stability and effectiveness in commercial formulation. Keywords: Body lotion, Indian jujube, triethanolamine (TEA) and apple cider vinegar (ACV) 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>THE0010748 (Local) 
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