Nur Ameera Aflina Binti Shamuddin, <br/><br/>
The effect of steam treatment time for cellulose production from pineapple leaves fibre (palf) in hybrid treatment / 
Nur Ameera Aflina Binti Shamuddin 
 - xi, 57 pages :  illustrations ; 
<br/><br/> Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology 
<br/><br/>Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Technology (Hons) ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 
<br/><br/>Include bibliographical reference 
<br/><br/> The research aids in the act of reducing usage of plastic petroleum products due to their non-composable properties and sustainable practice on utilising an abundance of agricultural waste of pineapple leaves. The studies aim to investigate the effect of hybrid steam alkaline treatment on pineapple leaves (PALF) and studies on the characteristics of the extracted cellulose on the pretreatment. Next, treated fibre undergoes biocomposite production with a polymer matrix of polypropylene. Then, the quality of the biocomposite is tested by its durability and water absorption abilities. As soon as the preparation of the leaves is done, the PALF is subject to alkaline-steam hybrid treatment with two (2) cycles of steam at 40 minutes at optimum temperature at 121℃ and 21 psi, accompanied by concentrations of alkaline treatment that vary at 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 2.0 wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The samples then went through the bleaching process with 3 wt% of sodium chlorite in a water bath. The treated samples would go through characterisation by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). For the next part, the treated and bleached sample is fabricated with PP (polypropylene) at different fibre loadings (5% and 10%) by using an extruder and hot and cold press machines. Lastly, characterisation of the biocomposite is done on tensile strength analysis and water absorption tests. The studies aim to produce biocomposite with optimum fibre loading and a suitable range on pretreatment concentration and cycles required to maximise the production of extracted cellulose. From the research, the biocomposite that was produced from the treated has shown to perform better than untreated PALF in terms of mechanical properties, especially the sample treated and bleached at 1.5 wt% at 5% fibre loading. To improve the study, it is recommended that the research continue to the production of nanocellulose to extend the usage of the waste of pineapple leaves. 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>THE0010938 (Local) 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Corporate Names: </label><br/>Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology--Dissertations
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