03554ntm a2200301 a 4500 vtls000091339 KUKTEM 20251117113308.0 150928t2015 da f abm 000 0 eng d THE0002119(Local) 201905131646 yusri 201710061548 aishah 201509281522 asma UMP QD305.A2 I76 2015 r Thesis Irma Nurfitri Methyl Ester production using feedstock and catalysts from waste sources / Irma Nurfitri Kuantan, Pahang : UMP, 2015 xviii, 130 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. + 1 CD ROM Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Thesis (Master of Science (Industrial Chemistry)) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2015 Bibliography : p. 113-126 In the present work, waste sources, namely boiler ash, baby clam (Paphia undulata) shell and capiz (Placuna placenta) shell have been successfully utilized as solid catalysts in the transesterification of palm olein (RBD-PO) and waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) to produce methyl esters (biodiesel). In order to enhance the catalytic activity, the boiler ash had been calcined at 500 ˚C for 5 h (was labelled as BA-500), while waste shells of baby clam and capiz have been calcined at 900 ˚C for 2 h (labelled as BCCaO-900 and C-CaO-900, respectively). The optimal reaction conditions found to be: for transesterification of RBD-PO and WPCO using BA-500 as a catalyst were 3 wt.% catalyst amount (based on oil weight) and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 1 h reaction period, while BC-CaO-900 and C-CaO-900 with 5 wt.% catalyst amount, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 3 h reaction period. All catalysts achieved over 96.5% methyl ester content at the reflux temperature of methanol (65 ˚C). Furthermore, the mixed-shell catalyst of BC-CaO and C-CaO (labelled as BC-C-Mixed-900) at a 1:1 weight ratio showed similar activity as the individual catalysts. The regenerated of the catalytic activity was investigated, and found that the BA-500 could be reused up to two times, while BC-C-Mixed-900 catalyst reused up to seven times when maintaining methyl esters content above 90%. In addition, the BA and BC-C-Mixed-900 catalysts exhibit tolerance towards the presence of water at 1.75% and 2.0% and free fatty acid at 1.75% and 1.75%, respectively, with over 80% of methyl esters content. Oil extracted from decanter cake (DC) was also investigated in this study, via in situ transesterification with ultrasonic irradiation and mechanical stirring method. The catalyst amount of 20 wt.% (based on oil weight), 150:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, cosolvent: DC (1:1) weight were found as the optimal conditions, yielding 86% and 45% methyl ester content in an hour reaction period for ultrasound irradiation and mechanical stirring, respectively. The emissions performance of WPCO B10 blend using BA-500 as a catalyst was investigated on horizontal single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine (YANMAR NF19-SK). The results indicated that the WPCO B10 blend biodiesel gives lower CO2 and CO emission compared to commercial diesel, thus contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gases Esterification Esters Aliphatic compounds Transesterification Acids and esters http://ecollib.ump.edu.my/25669/ Library access only 0 0 lcc 0 1 10000 10000 2019-09-04 0 QD305.A2 I76 2015 r Thesis 0000100333 2019-09-04 00:00:00 1 2019-09-04 THESIS 0 0 lcc 0 6 10000 10000 2019-09-04 0 CD 8913 | QD305.A2 I76 2015 r Thesis 0000100334 2019-09-04 00:00:00 1 2019-09-04 THESIS VIRTUA40 6278 6284 VTLSSORT0080*0200*0400*0900*1000*2450*2600*3000*5000*5020*5040*5200*6500*6501*6502*6503*8560*9992