Noor Hindryawati, <br/><br/>
Preparation of methyl esters via transesterification using oils and catalysts from waste sources / 
Noor Hindryawati 
 - xxiv, 219 pages :  illustrations (some color) ;  30 cm. +  1 CD-ROM 
<br/><br/> Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology 
<br/><br/>Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy (Industrial Technology)) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang -- 2015 
<br/><br/>Bibliography : p. 175-197 
<br/><br/> In the present work, waste sources, namely rice husk ash supported lithium (Li-RHA), sodium (Na-RHA), potassium (K-RHA), waste sponge supported sodium (Na-sponge), boiler ash (BA), mixed bivalve clam (Paphia undulata) shell and barnacle shell (mixed shells) have been successfully utilized as solid catalysts in the transesterification of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD-PO), waste cooking oil (WCO), catfish oil and oil-decanter cake (O-DC) to produce methyl esters (biodiesel). The optimal reaction conditions for transesterification of RBD-PO, WCO and catfish oil using alkali metal silicate and BA as a catalysts were found to be: 3 wt.% catalyst amount (based on oil weight), 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 1 h reaction period at 65 °C. The optimal conditions with mixed shells was 5 wt.% catalyst amount, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 3 h reaction period. Over 96.5 % methyl esters content were achieved for all transesterification using the catalysts at the reflux temperature of methanol (65 °C). The ultrasound method was to found to be more effective for in situ transesterification compared with mechanical stirring method in the transesterification of WCO and O-DC using BA and Na-sponge. The reusability of the catalysts was investigated, and found that the alkali metal silicate and BA could be reused up to three times with methyl esters content over 90 % after washing with methanol and n-hexane as solvents, while mixed shells catalyst could be reused up to seven times with methyl esters content over 90 % after washing with methanol, n-hexane as solvents and calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. In addition, the K-RHA, Na-sponge, BA and mixed-shells catalysts exhibited tolerance towards the presence of 3.02 % FFA, Li-RHA and Na- RHA could tolerate 2.52 % of FFA. All catalysts could tolerate 1.53 % of water with methyl esters content over 90 % were achieved for all catalysts. It is found that BA and Na-sponge has higher rate constant but lower reusability whereas CaO has comperatively lower rate constant but with higher number of reusability. The emissions performance of WCO B10 blend using BA as a catalyst was investigated on horizontal single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine (YANMAR NF19-SK). The results indicated that the WCO B10 blend biodiesel and diesel gave lower CO emission compared to commercial diesel, thus contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gases. Mixed shells is the best catalyst used in this study. Mixed shells as a source of calcium oxide can be widely applied as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis due to its cheap price, minor toxicity and high availability 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>THE0007996(Local) 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Esterification<br/>Esters--Aliphatic compounds<br/>Transesterification<br/>Acids and esters