03834ntm a2200373 i 4500 vtls000105279 KUKTEM 20251117113438.0 180924t20182018my a f a m 001 0 eng d THE0007905(Local) 201906131049 azli 201809241137 fateeha UMP eng UMP rda FKKSA .A36 2018 r Thesis Mohd Aiman Hamdan, author. Investigation of cellulose incorporated into carrageenan matrix for hard capsule process development / Mohd Aiman Hamdan Kuantan, Pahang : UMP, 2018 © 2018 xiv, 100 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 30 cm. + 1 CD-ROM text rdacontent text rdacontent unmediated rdamedia computer rdamedia volume rdacarrier computer disc rdacarrier text file PDF rda Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Thesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2018 Includes bibliographical references Global market is highly demands for plant based capsule to replace the animal gelatin based capsule product. Previous research showed that the structure of carrageenan hard capsule was brittle and had low tensile strength. The aim of this work is to formulate and modify cellulose additive material incorporated in carrageenan hard capsule to increase the tensile strength. Filler characterization and screening were conducted among carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) at concentration from 0 to 2% w/w for CMC and MCC and w/v for CNC. These cellulose additive screening is to find the best cellulose additive to increase the tensile strength of carrageenan hard capsule. It is reported that CNC was the best filler to be incorporated in the carrageenan hard capsule. CNC was prepared using ultrasonication of MCC and the dimension and crystallinity of CNC was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Mixing time and temperature were studied to find the best condition in production of hard capsule solution. Sample films and capsules were characterized through disintegration test (DT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), viscosity, tensile strength, and moisture content analysis. The size of CNC ranges from 177 to 247 nm length and 53 to 74 nm width, with aspect ratio of 4.34. Three fingerprint peaks of cellulose at 2θ= 15.6°, 22.7° and 34.7° were observed in the diffractogram trend. Incorporation 1.6% of solvent free CNC increased the tensile strength of carrageenan film up to 58%. At 2.0%, tensile strength of the film reduced due to the formation of agglomeration in the film matrix as proven from film cross section morphology analysis. However, addition of CNC in formulation solution did not significantly change the thermal stability of the film. In addition, the hard capsule disintegrated in less than 15 minutes and fulfilled for drug delivery application. Manipulation of mixing time and temperature shows that as the time and temperature increased, the viscosity and tensile strength of Carra-CNC1.6 solution and film respectively were increased due to loss of water in the formulation solution. Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering Dissertations Universities and colleges Disertations Theses 0 0 lcc 0 1 REF 10000 10000 2019-09-04 0 FKKSA .A36 2018 r Thesis 0000124976 2019-09-04 00:00:00 1 2019-09-04 THESIS 0 0 lcc 0 1 REF 10000 10000 2019-09-04 0 CD 11576 | FKKSA .A36 2018 r Thesis 0000124977 2019-09-04 00:00:00 1 2019-09-04 THESIS VIRTUA40 8798 8804 VTLSSORT0080*0200*0400*0900*1000*2450*2640*2641*3000*3360*3361*3370*3371*3380*3381*3470*5000*5020*5040*5200*6100*6500*6501*9992