04034ntm a2200385 i 4500952014100000952012400141999001700265003000800282005001700290006001900307008004100326020003200367040002300399090002900422100003900451245011000490264003400600264001200634300007300646336002100719336002100740337002500761337002300786338002300809338003000832347002400862500005900886502007300945504004001018520244401058610007403502650004503576650001103621942001603632  00102lcc40718REFa10000b10000cREFd2021-04-07l0oFTKKP .K43 2020 r ThesispT000001403r2022-05-12 00:00:00t1w2021-04-07yTHESIS  00102lcc40718REFa10000b10000cREFd2022-03-08l0oCD12868pT000001404r2023-01-30 00:00:00t1w2022-03-08yTHESIS  c95552d95558MY-KuUP20251125105856.0t||||fr|||| 000 0 220308s2020    my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d  aTHE0009139(Local)qhardback  aUMPbengcUMPerda  aFTKKP .K43 2020 r Thesis1 aKhairool Azizul Mohammad,eauthor.10aCharacterisation and nucleation kinetics of carbamazepinesaccharin co-crystal /cKhairool Azizul Mohammad 1aKuantan, Pahang :bUMP,c2020 4c© 2020  axviii, 144 pages :billustrations (some color) ;c30 cm. +e1 CD-ROM  atext2rdacontent  2textardacontent  aunmediated2rdamedia  acomputer2rdamedia  avolume2rdacarrier  acomputer disc2rdacarrier  atext filebPDF2rda  aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology  aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2020  aIncludes bibliographical references3 aCarbamazepine (CBZ) has five different polymorphs and is a drug used to treat epilepsy.  Major  issue  with  CBZ  is  its  low  absorption  and  dissolution  rate,  thus  high  dosage  is  required  for  the  effectiveness  of  the  drug  via  oral  route.  Aiming  to  enhance  the  physicochemical  properties  of  the  drug,  co-crystals  of  CBZ  with  relevant  co-former,  saccharin (SAC)  is  introduced. To date, the kinetics of CBZ-SAC co-crystals has been  poorly characterised.  The novelty of this research presents the application of different  SAC/CBZ molar ratios (1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5) at different CBZ concentrations to  deduce  the  kinetic  parameters  via  polythermal  method  at  different  cooling  rates.  The  optimum  condition  of  the  production  of  CBZ-SAC  co-crystals  were  found  to  be  as  SAC/CBZ  mole  ratio  of  2.0  at  a  CBZ  concentration  of  17.96  mg/ml.  The  nucleation  orders obtained from slow cooling method were in between 1.65 and 4.9, which were  within the range for nucleation of  organic compounds. Based on the results of kinetic  study from the slow cooling method, a fast cooling experiment was conducted to evaluate  the induction time, the radius of the  critical nucleus and interfacial energy  of the  co crystal. The results from  Kashchiev–Borissova–Hammond–Roberts  (KBHR)  method in  determining  the  kinetic  values  of  CBZ–SAC  co-crystals  were  similar  to  those  of  the  isothermal  method.  The  effect  of  seed  loading,  seed  size  and  the  temperature  of  supersaturated  solution  at  the  time  of  seeding  on  the  CBZ-SAC  co-crystals  were  investigated. It was found that nucleation occurred faster when seeding is close to the  super solubility curve (27.84 oC) which is at the highest supersaturation. The analysis of  crystal size distribution (CSD) showed more fine particles  were  formed at a lower seeding  temperature. On the other hand, nucleation occurred slower when seeding is close to the  solubility curve (47.55 oC), which is at low supersaturation and therefore resulted in a  smaller number of fine particles formed. The size of CBZ-SAC co-crystals formed from  CSD  analysis  was  in  a  range  of  100  to  200  µm.  Characterisation  using  Differential  Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction  (XRD)  of all CBZ-SAC co-crystal  has proven that, the stable CBZ-SAC co-crystals of Form I were formed.20aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering TechnologyxDissertations 0aUniversities and collegesxDissertations 0aTheses  2lcccTHESIS