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  <titleInfo>
    <nonSort>The </nonSort>
    <title>classification of skateboarding trick images by means of transfer learning and machine learning models</title>
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  <name type="personal">
    <namePart>Muhammad Nur Aiman  Shapiee</namePart>
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  <genre authority="marc">theses</genre>
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    <dateIssued encoding="marc">2021</dateIssued>
    <issuance>monographic</issuance>
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  <language>
    <languageTerm authority="iso639-2b" type="code">eng</languageTerm>
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  <physicalDescription>
    <extent>xv, 129 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 30 cm. + 1 CD ROM</extent>
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  <abstract>The evaluation of tricks executions in skateboarding is commonly  executed manually  and subjectively. The panels of judges often rely on their prior experience in identifying the  effectiveness  of  tricks  performance  during  skateboarding  competitions.  This  technique of classifying tricks is deemed as not a practical solution for the evaluation of skateboarding tricks mainly for big competitions. Therefore, an objective and unbiased  means  of  evaluating  skateboarding  tricks  for  analyzing  skateboarder’s  trick  is  nontrivial.  This  study  aims  at  classifying  flat  ground  tricks  namely  Ollie,  Kickflip,  Pop  Shove-it, Nollie  Frontside Shove-it,  and Frontside 180 through the camera vision and  the  combination of Transfer Learning (TL) and Machine Learning (ML). An amateur  skateboarder (23 years of age with ± 5.0 years’ experience) executed five tricks for each  type  of  trick  repeatedly  on  an  HZ  skateboard  from  a  YI  action  camera  placed  at  a distance  of  1.26  m  on  a  cemented  ground.  The  features  from  the  image  obtained  are  extracted  automatically via  18  TL models. The features extracted from the models are  then  fed  into  different  tuned  ML  classifiers  models,  for  instance,  Support  Vector  Machine  (SVM),  k-Nearest  Neighbors  (k-NN),  and  Random  Forest  (RF).  The  grid search optimization technique  through  five-fold  cross-validation was used to  tune the  hyperparameters  of  the  classifiers  evaluated.  The  data  (722  images)  was  split  into  training,  validation,  and  testing  with  a  stratified  ratio  of  60:20:20,  respectively.  The  study  demonstrated  that  VGG16  +  SVM  and  VGG19  +  RF  attained  classification accuracy (CA) of  100% and 98%,  respectively on the test dataset,  followed  by  VGG19  + k-NN and also DenseNet201 + k-NN that achieved a CA of  97%. In  order to evaluate  the  developed  pipelines,  robustness  evaluation  was  carried  out  via  the  form  of  independent testing that employed the  augmented images (2250  images). It was found  that  VGG16 + SVM, VGG19 + k-NN, and  DenseNet201 + RF  (by average)  are  able to  yield reasonable CA with 99%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. Conclusively, based on the  robustness  evaluation,  it  can  be  ascertained  that  the  VGG16  +  SVM  pipeline  able  to  classify  the  tricks  exceptionally  well.  Therefore,  from  the  present  study,  it  has  been demonstrated  that  the  proposed  pipelines  may  facilitate  judges  in  providing  a  more  accurate evaluation of  the  tricks  performed  as opposed to the  traditional method that is  currently applied in competitions</abstract>
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  <note type="statement of responsibility">Muhammad Nur Aiman  Shapiee</note>
  <note>Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology</note>
  <note>Thesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021</note>
  <note>Includes bibliographical references</note>
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    <name type="corporate">
      <namePart>Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology</namePart>
      <namePart>Dissertations</namePart>
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  <subject authority="lcsh">
    <topic>Universities and colleges</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject authority="lcsh">
    <topic>Theses</topic>
  </subject>
  <identifier type="isbn">THE0009334(Local)</identifier>
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    <recordCreationDate encoding="marc">220414</recordCreationDate>
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      <languageTerm authority="iso639-2b" type="code">eng</languageTerm>
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