04856ntm a2200325 i 4500003000800000005001700008006001900025008004100044020003200085040002300117100003200140245012800172264003400300264001200334300007200346336002100418336002100439337002500460337002300485338002300508338003000531347002400561500005900585502007000644504004000714520364600754610007404400650004504474650001104519MY-KuUP20251125110003.0t||||fr|||| 000 0 220324s2021    my a|||frm||| 000 0 eng d  aTHE0009182(Local)qhardback  aUMPbengcUMPerda1 aNur Hanani Rushan,eauthor.14aThe cultivation of immobilized chlorella vulgaris in different culture medium for biodiesel production /cNur Hanani Rushan 1aKuantan, Pahang :bUMP,c2021 4c© 2021  axiii, 107 pages :billustrations (some color) ;c30 cm. +e1 CD-ROM  atext2rdacontent  atext2rdacontent  aunmediated2rdamedia  acomputer2rdamedia  avolume2rdacarrier  acomputer disc2rdacarrier  atext filebPDF2rda  aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology  aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021  aIncludes bibliographical references3 aMicroalgae  is  known  as  an  alternative  source  and  promising  feedstock  for  biodiesel  production  that  can  produce  oil  due  to  their  simple  unicellular  structure  and  high  photosynthetic efficiency. In this experiment,  Chlorella vulgaris  is selected as microalgae  as this species is able to produce high oil for biodiesel processing. Immobilization is one  of the harvesting methods employed in this study due to less energy consumed and ease  of handling. Previously, the matric system which is  sodium alginate (SA) was commonly  used to entrap the microalgae in culturing process. However, SA has  certain limitation  such as bead disruption or bead dissolution that lead to the loss of microalgae cell. In  addition, the required nutrient is one of the  constrains that need to be overcome  to enhance  the production of oil. Therefore, the combination of matric system has been developed in  this study in order to enhance the production of oil. In the present study, SA act s  as a  control whereas five different  matric systems were combined with SA such as chitosan  (SA+CT),  carrageenan  (SA+CR),  gelatine  (SA+GT),  calcium  alginate  (SA+CA)  and  sodium  carboxymethylcellulose  (SA+CMC).  The  first  objective  in  this  study  was  to  elucidate different culture medium of C. vulgaris  by using Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM),  Blue-Green Medium (BG11) and Jaworski’s medium (JM) while the second objective  was  to  evaluate  the  oil  production  of  immobilized  C.  vulgaris  using  different  matric  systems  at  different  volumetric  ratios  of  0.3:1,  1:1  and  2:1  for  biodiesel  production.  Besides,  analysing  the  fatty  acid  methyl  ester  which  extracted  from  freshwater  microalgae  was  the  third  objective  while  determining  kinetic  and  thermodynamic  parameter  were exhibited using  reaction rate equation  and Gibbs energy equation  was the  fourth  objective  in  this  study.  The  microalgae  were  first  cultivated,  harvested  and  extracted  using  solvent  extraction  method  to  produce  oil,  prior  to  use  in  the  transesterification process  using Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS).  Then, the fatty acid methyl ester extracted from C. vulgaris was analysed using GC-MS.  Based on the results  obtained, the best culture media was BBM which showed the highest  oil yield  which is 27.14%  whereas the combination of SA+GT as a matric showed the  highest oil yield with  44.29%. In this study, the main components of fatty acid methyl  ester  in  the  C.  vulgaris  of  oil  extracted  from  microalgae  showed  high  potential  for  biodiesel production as it consisted of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic  acid  (C18:1),  linoleic  acid  (C18:2)  and  linolenic  acid  (C18:3).  The  percentage  of  saturated fatty acid (C16:0 & C18:0) were higher than the unsaturated fatty acid (C18:1,  C18:2 & C18:3). The kinetic study shows that the value of activation energy (Ea) for the  oil  extraction  kinetics  of  microalgae  biomass  was  calculated  as  26.382  kJ/mol.  Both  enthalpy (ΔH)  and  entropy  (ΔS)  indicate positive  value  whereas the negative value of  Gibbs  energy  (ΔG)  indicates  that  this  process  is  endothermic,  irreversible  and  spontaneous.  The research  findings  show  that  the BBM was more effective in culturing  process and the applicability of the matric systems of SA+GT made a new structure that  improve the oil production than using single matric.   Furthermore, the similar fatty acid  methyl ester (FAME) profile was showing a huge potential for biodiesel production.20aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering TechnologyxDissertations 0aUniversities and collegesxDissertations 0aTheses