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    <subfield code="a">Synthesis and characterization of nickel based catalyst modified with lanthanum oxide supported on silica for methane cracking /</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Methane cracking is an environmental friendly process to convert the main greenhouse  gas;  methane  into  hydrogen  and  carbon.  However,  catalysts  prepared  through  the  conventional  methods  such  as  impregnation  and  co-precipitation  suffer  low  metal  dispersion and poor control surface composition. In this work, glycine nitrate process  (GNP)  and  in  situ  glycine  nitrate  process  (in  situ  GNP)  have  been  employed  for  preparation of Ni-La and Ni-La/SiO2  catalysts, respectively. The main aim of this work  is to  produce catalyst with high Ni dispersion which is ~40% thus an excellent catalytic  activity in methane cracking which is ~10% hydrogen yield. In this study, Ni-La catalysts  were initially synthesized using GNP at different calcination temperatures (600, 700, 800  &#xB0;C) and glycine-nitrate ratios (G/N ratio= 0.5, 1.0, 1.5). The glycine-nitrate solution was  heated to yield a gel-like liquid. The gel was further heated until it was self-ignited and  produced an ash powder. Later, in the presence of SiO2  support, Ni-La/SiO2  catalysts  were prepared via in situ GNP at different La loadings (0, 5, 20 wt%), catalyst-to-support  ratios (1:2, 1:5, 1:8) and SiO2  particle sizes using SiO2(A),74 &#x3BC;m and SiO2(B),44 &#x3BC;m.  The  catalytic  performance  of  Ni-La/SiO2  catalyst  was  investigated  under  methane  cracking at 500 &#xB0;C for 5 hrs. The catalyst was also tested for reaction gas concentration  (CH4:N2  =1:2,1:4).  The  characterizations  of  Ni-La  and  Ni-La/SiO2  catalysts  were  conducted  using  X-ray  diffraction  (XRD),  thermal  gravimetric  analysis  (TGA)  and  scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for crystallite phase and morphology investigation.  In the early study, the optimal calcination temperature and G/N ratio for Ni-La catalyst  were found to be at 800 &#xB0;C and 1.0, respectively. Later, during the Ni-La/SiO2  catalytic  activity in methane cracking, it was observed that the presence of 5% La in the catalyst  has  increased  the  catalytic  stability  in  hydrogen  yield  for  300  minutes.  Meanwhile,  although  catalyst-to-support  ratio  has  shown  no  obvious  effect  towards  methane  conversion, the catalyst-to-support ratio of 1:5 has been selected as the optimum ratio  based on hydrogen yield stability. The performance of Ni-La/SiO2  catalyst of a smaller  support  size  (44  &#x3BC;m),  Ni-La/SiO2(B)  was  compared  to  Ni-La/SiO2(A)  with  a  larger  support size (74 &#x3BC;m). Ni-La/SiO2(B) is expected to have higher support surface area and  this  has  led  to  high  Ni  dispersion  as  calculated  which  is  54.6%.  Thus,  a  stable  CH4 conversion and better H2  yield were achieved which were  ~40% and ~10% using NiLa/SiO2(B)  catalyst.  Finally,  catalyst  performance  with  low  methane  concentration  (CH4:N2  = 1:4) was better which is ~10% hydrogen yield compared to one with high  concentration of methane ((CH4:N2  = 1:2) which is ~2%. At high methane  concentration,  rapid carbon accumulation is expected thus caused lower availability of active sites for  further reaction. As a conclusion, the utilization of in situ GNP and the investigation of  various  parameters in this study has offered the synthesis of Ni-La/SiO2 catalyst with high  Ni dispersion. Better Ni dispersion with 40.7% improvement has successfully resulted in  a better catalyst activity and stability in methane cracking for hydrogen production.</subfield>
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