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    <subfield code="a">CFD and techno-economic modelling of the effect of feed spacer on reverse osmosis membrane performance /</subfield>
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    <subfield code="c">&#xA9; 2020</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Reverse osmosis (RO) processes are among the most popular solutions for brackish water  and seawater desalination. One of the major issue faced in RO membrane is concentration  polarisation (CP). As feed spacer geometry has major impacts on the flow and CP in the  spiral wound membrane (SWM), optimizing its geometry remains an ongoing research  goal.  This thesis systematically investigates  the  effect of feed spacer  geometry  on RO  membrane  performance  through  computational  fluid  dynamics  (CFD)  and  technoeconomic  modelling.  For  CFD  study,  two  different  spacer  designs  are  considered:  1)  spacer with perforations and 2) spacer with different floating characteristics.  The main  finding from the spacer perforation is that it does not improve mass transfer for the cases  simulated  using  conventional  spacers.  It  was  also  shown  that  spacers  with  larger  perforation  decrease mass transfer by over 10%  due to  weakening of the flow velocity and  suppression of vortex shedding.  The simulation results also reveal that  the floating  ratio (Rf) is not a determining factor for permeate flux enhancement. This is because the  transport mechanism is more dependent on other geometric characteristics, such as a 2 -or 3-layer design.  The techno-economic modelling reveals that advanced spacers are more  effective than conventional spacers in improving flux in the region close to the inlet for  high-permeance  membranes.  This  is  due  to  the  fast  decrease  in  feed  flow  along  the  channel.  This  thesis  found  that  an  increase  in  membrane  permeance  (up  to 10 L m&#x2212;2h&#x2212;1 bar&#x2212;1) can reduce total processing cost of SWRO and BWRO  by 7.5% and  32%,  respectively  regardless  of  spacer  type  used.  The  main  finding  from  technoeconomic  analysis  is  that  improving  spacer  design  is  more  crucial  than  increasing  permeance at same recovery.</subfield>
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