04426ntm a2200385 i 4500952014000000952012400140999001700264003000800281005001700289006001800306008004100324020003200365040002300397090002800420100003900448245021800487264003400705264001200739300005800751336002100809336002100830337002500851337002300876338002300899338003000922347002400952500005000976502007101026504004001097520276601137610006503903650004503968650001104013942001604024  00102lcc40718REFa10000b10000cREFd2022-04-12l0oFIST .Y37 2021 r ThesispT000001703r2022-06-30 00:00:00t1w2022-04-12yTHESIS  00102lcc40718REFa10000b10000cREFd2022-04-12l0oCD13019pT000001704r2023-01-30 00:00:00t1w2022-04-12yTHESIS  c97014d97020MY-KuUP20251125110034.0t||||fr|||| 000 0220412s2021    my a|||frm||| 000 0 eng d  aTHE0009307(Local)qhardback  aUMPbengcUMPerda  aFIST .Y37 2021 r Thesis1 aYasmin Amirah Che Yahaya,eauthor.10aThree tongkat ali plants (eurycoma longifolia, polyalthia bullata, and stema tuberosa) studied for their aphrodisiac potentials with emphasis on their testosterone boosting capabilities /cYasmin Amirah Che Yahaya 1aKuantan, Pahang :bUMP,c2021 4c© 2021  axvi, 132 pages :billustrations ;c30 cm. +e1 CD-ROM  atext2rdacontent  atext2rdacontent  aunmediated2rdamedia  acomputer2rdamedia  avolume2rdacarrier  acomputer disc2rdacarrier  atext filebPDF2rda  aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology  aThesis (Master of Science ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021  aIncludes bibliographical references3 aEurycoma longifolia  (EL),  Pollyathia bullata  (PB), and  Stema tuberosa  (ST) are three  species  of  plants  sharing  the  synonym  of  "Tongkat  Ali"  and  commonly  known  as  Tongkat Ali Putih, Tongkat Ali Hitam, and Tongkat Ali Merah, respectively. Perhaps  they are all known as Tongkat Ali due to their aphrodisiac claims, and parts used are  their roots. In this study, three Tongkat Ali plants were tested for safety and efficacy  in  vivo  and in vitro.  The roots of the plants were encapsulated and given to fowls. Before  being tested on animals, the capsules' content was analysed on a few  safety and quality  parameters, i.e., pH and moisture tests, heavy metal content, microbial load, and steroid  presence. Next, 12 mg of each Tongkat Ali powder included in a capsule was given to  fowls for 30 days. The treatment was further extended to 60 days; once found, 30 days  was  not  effective.  The  outcome  showed  an  increase  in  testosterone  in  fowls  with  the  highest value of 9.73 ± 1.20 nmol/L obtained by PB, followed by EL and ST, 7.70 ±  0.59  nmol/L,  and 6.25  ± 0.70 nmol/L,  respectively. The protein components of these  plants were believed to be giving rise to aphrodisiac capabilities. Thus, this study has  isolated and characterized the Tongkat Ali species' protein by Bradford assay and SDS  PAGE. The highest protein content was EL, i.e., 14.31%  ± 3.25,  followed by PB and  ST,  7.9%  ±  2.21  and  6.51%  ±  2.03,  respectively.  The  protein  of  the  more  popular  Tongkat Ali plants, i.e.,  EL, was removed  from the organic constituents  with smaller  molecular weights using size exclusion chromatography. Next, the protein fraction was  further refined by Lectin column chromatography to obtain glycoprotein using a 50%  mannose  elution  buffer.  Consequently,  the  EL,  EL  glycoprotein,  PB,  and  ST  were  tested  in vitro  using TM-3  Leydig cells with a 50 μg/mL  concentration.  E. longifolia was  found  to  have  the  highest  increase  of  testosterone  secretion  of  0.26  ng/mL.  This  was  followed  by  P.  bullata  of  0.17  ng/mL,  EL  glycoprotein  of  0.12  ng/mL,  and  S.  tuberosa  of  0.07  ng/mL.  The  outcome  showed  the  aqueos  crude  extract  of  EL,  EL  glycoprotein, PB, and ST confirmed the effects in alleviating the testosterone level in  TM-3 Leydig cells. More importantly, the results have proven EL glycoprotein, a pure  constituent  of  EL,  can  be  easily  isolated  using  affinity  chromatography  to  boost  testosterone-boosting capabilities. This preliminary study also has provided  in vitro  and  in vivo  evidence of testosterone boosting  capabilities of the three Tongkat Ali plants,  proving that they are all, in fact, aphrodisiac as claimed.20aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and TechnologyxDissertations 0aUniversities and collegesxDissertations 0aTheses  2lcccTHESIS