04817nam a2200373 i 4500 0 0 lcc 0 1 REF 10000 10000 2023-06-12 0 FTKKP .Y44 2023 r Thesis T000002406 2023-06-12 00:00:00 1 2023-06-12 THESIS 0 0 lcc 0 6 10000 10000 2023-06-12 0 CD13368 T000002407 2023-06-12 00:00:00 1 2023-06-12 THESIS 99546 99552 MY-KuUP 20251125110740.0 a||||fr|||| 000 0 ta 230612t20232023my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d THE0009662 (Local) Hardback UMP eng UMP rda FTKKP .Y44 2023 r Thesis Lim Yee Peng, author. Characterization of encapsulated bioactive compound extracted from phaleria macrocarpa by using ultrasonic assisted extraction / Lim Yee Peng Pahang : UMP, 2023 ©2023 xxiii, 234 pages : Illustration ; 30 cm.+ 1 CD-ROM rdacontent text rdacontent text rdamedia unmediated rdamedia computer rdacarrier volume rdacarrier computer disc rda text file PDF Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2022 Includes bibliographical references Phaleria macrocarpa is an evergreen plant with various pharmaceutical properties. Its marker compound, mangiferin was well known of its anticancer property. However, neomangiferin and isomangiferin were first time reported in P. macrocarpa extraction. Although maceration (ME) was intensively used to extract the bioactive polyphenols, ME requires lengthy extraction time and produces low bioactive compound yield. Thus, modern extraction techniques, sonication bath and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were also applied to reduce the extraction time and increase the extraction efficiency. Moreover, the different level of auxiliary energies by each extraction technique affects the bioactive compound yield. Therefore, the first objective of this work is to investigate the effect of auxiliary energy on polyphenol extraction from P. macrocarpa fruits using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The use of high temperature during extraction and spray drying could degrade the P. macrocarpa polyphenols. Thus, the thermal stability and degradation mechanism of P. macrocarpa polyphenols is needed to be understood and hence this is another objective of this research. The microencapsulation of P. macrocarpa extract using different wall material is required to protect P. macrocarpa polyphenols from degradation during spray drying and affects the release in simulated gastro intestine condition. Thus, the last objective of this research is to microencapsulate P. macrocarpa and investigate its release profile in the digestive tract. Optimum extraction conditions of ME (80 °C for 1 hour), ultrasonic assisted extraction, UAE (60 % for 5 min) and MAE (5 W for 7 min) had auxiliary energies of 0.05, 1.31 and 1.00 W/ml. The difference in composition among extraction techniques was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). Heat treatment of P. macrocarpa polyphenols as standards and in extract were carried out at 120 and 150 °C for 180 min to evaluate reaction rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and activation entropy (ΔS). Microencapsulation via spray drying was carried out with three different formulations, 10 wt.% of maltodextrin (MD), whey protein isolate (WPI) and MD:WPI (9:1). The release rate of polyphenols was evaluated by five different mathematical models, first order, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell, Baker and Lonsdale, Korsmeyer-Peppas. The highest neomangiferin (1.71 mg/g DW) and mangiferin (28.58 mg/g DW) yield were obtained at the highest auxiliary energy using UAE. PCA provide 67% of variability, where UAE and MAE were distinguished from ME, attributed to mangiferin, isomangiferin, mahkoside A, dihydroxy methoxyxanthone-O-glucoside and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronorbellidifodin derivative of mangiferin. Neomangiferin and mangiferin obeyed second and first order kinetics respectively and rate constants of 0.0014 mol-1 min -1 and 0.0019 min -1 respectively at 120 °C. The negative ΔS (-358.78 to -19.72 J/mol.K) and positive ΔG (123.02 – 134.14 kJ/mol) values implied the degradation of polyphenols was non spontaneous. Maltodextrin encapsulated powder retained the highest neomangiferin (97.14 %) mangiferin (96.25%) and isomangiferin (99.19%) yields. The release of polyphenols from MD obeyed Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian diffusion. In short, the extraction conditions, thermal stability and microencapsulation of the study can be a vital guidance for supplement industry. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Dissertations Universities and colleges Dissertations Thesis lcc THESIS