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008			240820t20242024my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0009915 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aFTKMA .H35 2024 r Thesis
100	0		_aNik Mohd Haikal Bin Mohamed Hassan, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aInvestigation of head impact kinematics during sepak takraw ball heading / _cNik Mohd Haikal Bin Mohamed Hassan
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2024
264		4	_c© 2024
300			_axiv, 117 pages : _billustration ; _30 cm. +30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2024
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aSepak Takraw is an acrobatic sport where players use their feet, knees, chests, and heads to keep a rattan ball aloft. Concussions and subconcussions from intentional ball-to-head impacts are a concern in the sport. Compared to soccer balls, the Sepak Takraw ball is claimed to have higher hardness while players must receive high-speed serves. Multiple ball-to-head impacts may increase subconcussion risk. Thus, the objectives of this study are to determine the quasi-static and dynamic properties, to predict the head impact kinematics of the sepak takraw ball heading model using a mass-spring-damper system, and to investigate the head impact kinematics and injury risk of takraw ball heading through an anthropomorphic testing device (ATD) experiment. The study employed a compression test to quantify the quasi-static properties of the ball and a drop ball test to characterize its dynamic properties. The tests were done using two types of tournamentspecific ball: Marathon (MT908) and Gajah Emas (GE908). Building on a mass-springdamper model established for soccer balls in literature, the model was adapted for the Sepak Takraw ball. Subsequently, a ball-heading experiment was conducted using a ball launcher on an ATD. The findings revealed three distinct orientations of the takraw ball, each influencing both quasi-static and dynamic stiffness. Orientation 1 exhibited the highest quasi-static stiffness, while the dynamic stiffness indicated that MT908 was stiffer than GE511. The drop ball test yielded crucial stiffness, k and damping coefficient values, c incorporated into the mathematical model: the proposed sepak takraw ball k and c are 26673.23 N/m and 18.492 Ns/m for GE511, and 30672.20 N/m 20.249 Ns/m for MT908, respectively. The mass-spring-damper model enabled the quantification of peak linear acceleration, aligning with Sepak Takraw literature and corroborating with results from other soccer sports studies. Comparison between the model and the ball-heading experiment demonstrated coherence, validating the accuracy (89.38%) of the model. Importantly, both linear and rotational accelerations recorded during the ball-heading experiment were found to be distinctly below the concussion threshold even at 80 km/h (27.37g for PLA). The assessment of head injury risk, utilizing the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) value (0.008%), indicated an almost negligible Probability of Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 (AIS1) occurrence. In conclusion, the study recommends further exploration into subconcussive impacts during Sepak Takraw ball heading to provide a comprehensive understanding of head injury risks in this dynamic sport.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS