000			04412ntm a2200337 i 4500
999			_c102519 _d102525
003			MY-KuUP
005			20251125111039.0
006			t||||fr|||| 000 0
007			ta
008			250514t20242024my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010053 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .A46 2024 r Thesis
100	0		_aWan Amnin Wan Yahaya, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aDevelopment of seaweed-based active film loaded with eugenol and α-tocopherol for meat preservation / _cWan Amnin Binti Wan Yahaya
264		1	_aKuantan Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2024
264		4	_c© 2024
300			_axviii, 171pages : _billustrations ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2024
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aActive films made from biopolymer materials offer a promising alternative to petroleum plastics addressing significant waste disposal issues. Despite their potential, the application of these films in the seaweed food industry remains unexplored with only 10% of the potential usage investigated. Furthermore, studies on the interaction and migration of active agents within these films are limited highlighting their applications. Thus, this work aims to develop biodegradable films made from bio-based materials consist of 2% w/v different seaweed derivatives such as kappaphycus alvarezii (KA), Kappa Carrageenan (KC), Refined Carrageenan (RC), Semi-Refined Carrageenan (SRC) as a biopolymer plasticized with 0.9% v/v glycerol (G) reinforced with different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) derived from palm waste were developed. Characterization of the seaweed derivatives bio-based film containing 5, 10, and 13% v/v CNF were studied based on their mechanical, physical and thermal properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break, thickness, moisture content, opacity, water solubility and thermal stability of film. The hydrogen bonding was determine using DFT calculation generate by Gauss view software. Furthermore, the study explored the incorporation of different concentrations of 0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4% v/v Eugenol (Eu) and 0.2%,0.4% v/v α-tokoferol (Tp) into the films. Moreover, the migration study of Eu and Tp active films were determined using various release models such as Zero-order, Firstorder, Ritger and Peppas, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell models. SRC+G+10%CNF identified as the optimal formulation based on its superior mechanical properties, low water solubility, low water vapor permeability, and high decomposition temperature. The film exhibited a tensile strength (45.98 MPa), an elongation at break (19.18%), an opacity (6.68), a moisture content (42.59%), and a water vapor permeability (1.3719 × 10-11 g. s - 1 m-1 Pa-1 ), making it a promising bio-based film incorporating active agents. The hydrogen bond between carrageenan and cellulose nanofiber with a distance of 2.02 Å. SGC-0.4% Eu exhibited a tensile strength (40.11 MPa), elongation at break (21.96%), an opacity of (7.73), a moisture content (17.81%), a film solubility (34.76%), and a water vapor permeability (2.12 x10-11g.s-1m-1pa-1 ). Additionally, it showed a higher activation energy (365.82 kJ/mol), enhanced stability and a release rate of polyphenols up to 25 days of storage, highlighting its potential as a biodegradable packaging solution for prolonging food shelf life. The first-order kinetic model demonstrated the most suitable fit (R2 : 0.9625 to 0.9904) for describing the release behavior of both compounds, indicating a concentration-dependent slow-release diffusion behavior. These findings suggest that the active films offer controlled and sustained release of active compounds, making them promising candidates for active food packaging. SGC-0.4% Tp showed the best performance in terms of both antioxidant activity and structural properties, making it the most suitable option for food packaging.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS