000			03131ntm a2200337 i 4500
003			MY-KuUP
005			20260415101441.0
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007			ta
008			260415t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010464 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFIST .U84 2025 r Bc.
100	1		_aUsha A/p S.ramesh _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aFatty acids from palm biosolid for valuable fine chemicals / _cUsha A/p S.ramesh
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_axv, 85 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aPalm biosolid, a waste from palm oil industries, has potential as a sustainable source for fatty acid (FA) extraction for valuable fine chemicals, aiming to reduce reliance on petrochemicals and promote sustainable practices. The objectives were identified functional groups in palm biosolid, extracted FA using Soxhlet extraction and analyzed the extracted FA using Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS). FourierTransformed-Infrared-Ray (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic acid functional groups in FA with peaks at 1384.30 cm⁻¹ (OH bending) and 1700.49 cm⁻¹ (C=O carbonyl stretching). Soxhlet extraction was optimized using solvents of varying polarity like hexane, isopropanol, methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and diethyl ether. The highest extraction yield achieved with isopropanol (30.12%), followed by hexane (4.94%), diethyl ether (4.00%), and MTBE (3.26%). GC-MS analysis employed both dilution and esterification methods. The dilution method identified significant FA like 9- octadecenoic acid with 7.09% for hexane, 0.34% of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid for isopropanol, 1.22% of C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and 13.38% C18 unsaturated isomers for diethyl ether. The esterification method revealed a broader range of longchain fatty acids (LCFA) and improved chromatographic resolution. Prominent detections included 1.22% for heneicosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, hexadecanoic acid (3.89%) for isopropanol and 1.29% and 12.73% C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and diethyl ether. The method for detecting medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and LCFA in palm biosolid has been validated, offering an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels for FA extraction. This research validates palm biosolid's viability as sustainable feedstock, minimizing environmental impact while enhancing industrial value and promoting global sustainability in palm oil production.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c104740 _d104746