000			03347nam a22003497a 4500
003			MY-KuUP
005			20260415125604.0
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008			260415t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010468 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFIST .K86 2025 r Bc.
100	1		_aKumuthini A/p Kohilen _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aWaste filter cake as a catalyst source for transesterification reaction / _cKumuthini A/p Kohilen
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _b2025 _cUMPSA,
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_axii, 67 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aThe utilization of industrial waste instead of disposing them offers benefits not only for waste management but also as resource recovery. This research focused on studying the heterogeneous catalytic potential of calcined waste filter cake (CFC) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) processing in the transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) to produce biodiesel. The CFC was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET) and X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). The results revealed a mesoporous structure (pores that are 2–50 nanometers in diameter) with a surface area of 40.88 m²/g and the predominance of crystalline calcium oxide (CaO), being the main contributions for the catalytic activity. The catalytic performance of CFC was evaluated by varying its concentrations (1.0 g, 2.0 g, 3.0 g, and 4.0 g), achieving methyl ester conversion rates of 11.51 %, 14.65 %, 25.43 %, and 23.85 %, respectively. Qualitative analysis via thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the product confirmed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) but revealed incomplete triglyceride conversion. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis disclosed the quantitative data on the yield. The overall result indicated that while CFC has promising structural and chemical properties, its catalytic efficiency is limited by factors such as active site availability, limitations of mass transfer, and challenges in stirring, particularly at higher catalyst concentrations. Recommendations for enhancing CFC’s performance are to optimize calcination parameters, explore advanced reactor designs, integrate co-catalysts, and test with alternative feedstocks. Regardless of the low conversion rates, this study highlights the potential of CFC as a cost-effective, sustainable catalyst and lays the groundwork for further research to optimize its application in biodiesel production.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
856			_uhttps://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/46067
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c104745 _d104751