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020			_aTHE0010679 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .Z59 2025 r Bc.
100	1		_aGoh, Zi Yi, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aEffect of inoculum size and bulking agent on nutrient content of fermented palm kernel cake / _cGoh Zi Yi
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_a32 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aPalm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant by-product of palm oil extraction, which is high in protein and fat content, making it a valuable ingredient in animal feed formulations. Study on fermenting palm kernel cake (PKC) as animal feed cuts waste, saves money, improves animal health, and helps learn better ways to ferment other materials. This study was done to identify the effect of inoculum size and bulking agent on the nutrient contents of fermented PKC through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Rhizopus oligosporus. The experiment was carried out using different bulking agents (straw, rice straw, sugar cane, coconut wood chip) and inoculum sizes (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5% w/w). The fermentation product was analysed for changes in fiber (Weende method), soluble protein content (Bradford method), total sugar content (DNS method), lactic acid content (Spectrophotometric method), and phenolic content (Follin-Ciocalteau technique). The results showed that sugar cane as a bulking agent showed the highest soluble protein (3.36 mg/g), reducing sugar (7.46 mg/g), and TPC (13.01 mg/g) with a reduction of crude fiber from 19.57 g to 15.88 g. The best inoculum size was found at 4.5 wt%, with the highest soluble protein (2.86 mg/g), second highest reducing sugar (9.42 mg/g), TPC (15.16 mg/g), and crude fiber reduction to 12.50%. Lactic acid shows minimal difference between different bulking agents and inoculum size, ranging between ±0.2 mg/g. In conclusion, it was found that the best bulking agent for PKC fermentation is sugar cane with the best inoculum size of Rhizopus oligosporus at 4.5 wt%.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
856			_uhttps://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47489
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c105142 _d105148