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020			_aTHE0010694 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .A65 2025 r Bc.
100	0		_aNur Aqila Binti Adr, , , _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aInvestigate fermented palm kernel cake and papaya seed as protein sources for fish feed production / _cNur Aqila Binti Adr
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_axvi, 43 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aConventionally, Fish Waste (FW) and Soybeans (SB) are always used as protein sources in fish feed production. However, the use of soybeans as a protein source affects fish growth due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To replace SB, other alternative protein sources can be used from waste, for example, Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS). Utilizing the abundance of agricultural waste in Malaysia, such as palm kernel cake and papaya seeds, offers a sustainable alternative to replace soybean in fish feed production. The objective of this study is to formulate fish feed production using Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS) in fish feed as other protein sources with different ratios to increase protein levels. Several key procedures have been employed in the formulation of fish feed, particularly the drying and grinding of PKC, PS, and FW. PKC, PS, and FW underwent a fermentation process using yeast for four days followed by formulation. The formulation will have four different ratios. For the formulation, each sample like PKC and PS will be mixed with FW. For the formulation is Sample 1 (90 % PKC/PS: 0% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 2 (60 % PKC/PS: 30% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 3 (45 % PKC/PS: 45% FW: 10% Starch) and Sample 4 (30 % PKC/PS: 60% FW: 10% Starch). Each sample was then analyzed for protein, lipid, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, and moisture to identify the most suitable ratio for fish feed formulation. The comparative study shows that sample 4 (30% palm kernel meal, 60% fish waste, 10% starch) has a greater protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture content compared to other samples, which makes them a better choice for inclusion in the preparation of fish meal. In conclusion, this research highlights the alternatives of using palm kernel meal, papaya seed, and fish waste as substitute protein sources in fish feed formulations that are nutritionally enhanced.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
856			_uhttps://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47557
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c105160 _d105166