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008			260713t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010715 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .S93 2025 r Bc.
100	0		_aSyamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin, , , _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aHarnessing the potential of water-in-diesel emulsions (wi/d) as a sustainable fuel / _cSyamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_axvi, 92 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aWater-in-diesel (Wi/D) has the potential to emerge as a sustainable fuel since its recognition has decreased the formation of exhaust emissions, particularly nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in diesel engines. However, the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsion play a significant role in ensuring the stability and capability of the emulsified fuel. In this study, an experiment was conducted to formulate and optimize Water-in-Diesel (Wi/D) emulsions and to characterize the formulated Wi/D emulsions in terms of physico-chemical properties under operating speeds at 10,000 rpm in 10 minutes. The study compared the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsions using three types of surfactants which were Span 80, Triton X-100, and UMPSA Surfactants NS-02-23. The stability, viscosity and the chemical constituents were examined as these properties could influence the sustainability or combustion efficiency such as engine combustion noise, brake power output and both ignition delay and flame propagation. Based on the result, the concentration of 1.0% was chosen for Triton -100 and 0.5% for Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. First, regarding the stability time taken for each type of surfactant, Triton X-100 is the most stable surfactant for water-in-diesel emulsion separation, while Span-80 and UMPSA exhibit less stability. Increased surfactant concentrations improve stability but reduce efficiency. Secondly, in FTIR result, Emulsifiers consist of hydrophilic groups like sorbitan and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with polar groups, and lipophilic groups like fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and esters, with long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains. According to the viscosity, Triton X-100 has a higher viscosity than Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. Overall, these findings have contributed to the fundamental understanding of water emulsification with diesel blend and the important role of surfactants to enhance the quality of Wi/D emulsion. Keywords: Water-in-Diesel emulsions; UMPSA Surfactants; Span 80; Triton X-100; physico-chemical properties
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c105184 _d105190