000			03467ntm a2200349 i 4500
003			MY-KuUP
005			20260811180347.0
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007			ta
008			260721t20252025my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010751 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .H355 2025 r Bc.
100	0		_aMuhammad Alif Haikal Bin Hasmadi, , , _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aTorrefaction and pelletization of oil palm waste / _cMuhammad Alif Haikal Bin Hasmadi
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_aviii, 43 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology (Pharmaceuticals) with Hons ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aNowadays, environmental issues have become more important in Malaysia and around the world. The palm oil industry is fully aware of environmental contamination and trying to improve the quality and environmental conservation through a “sustainable development and cleaner technology” approach. However, the properties of raw oil palm solid wastes have limited their use as biofuel for example high moisture content, poor energy density, hygroscopic nature, and low calorific value compared to fossil fuels, which limit the possibility for biofuel production. Previous research has concluded that the properties of raw biomass can be increases through torrefaction and pelletization. This study aims to enhance the properties of solid biofuel derived from raw biomass through torrefaction and pelletization processes. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm trunk (OPT) were used. The samples were torrefied at 270 °C and 30 minutes. After torrefaction, the samples were pelletized by using different types of binder (glycerol and palm oil mill effluent (POME)) with various binder compositions (5wt%,10wt%, and 15wt%). The product was then evaluated with a pellet strength test by using a universal testing machine at a 5 KN load and 2 mm/min speed. The calorific value of the samples was analyzed by using a bomb calorimeter. For proximate analysis, the test was carried out according to the American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM) E871, D1762, and E1755 for moisture content (MC), volatile matter (VM), and ash content, respectively. OPT pellets show higher mechanical strength than PKS likely because of its beneficial chemical structure and physical characteristics. By maintaining specific binder levels, glycerol and POME produced stronger pellets where optimal measures depended on biomass variety. The study demonstrates Malaysia's ability to produce biofuel from both local biomass and palm oil industry waste accompanied by optimized processing requirements for creating high-quality pellets to increase the energy density and grindability of biomass, thereby facilitating its transport and storage.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
856			_uhttps://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47786
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c105283 _d105289