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008			260728t20242024my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010774 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .H34 2024 r Dip.
100	0		_aHaemaleka A/P R Neelan, , , _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aCharacterization of cellulose nanocrystal modiefied with saponin / _cHaemaleka A/P R Neelan
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2025
264		4	_c© 2025
300			_av, 21 pages : _billustrations ;
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aFinal Year Report (Diploma of Chemical Engineering) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aCellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) are known for their impressive mechanical properties and making them valuable in various applications. The objective of this research is to synthesize CNC with hydrophobic properties that is suitable to be associated with hydrophobic polymer. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from EFB cellulose through hydrolysis. Cellulose (2 g) was mixed with 100 mL of water overnight, then 48.97 mL of sulfuric acid was added. The mixture was heated at 45°C for 2 hours. Centrifugation removed the solids, and dialysis with reverse osmosis water eliminated free acid. Ultrasonication (20 Hz, 20%) was performed before freeze-drying. For modification, 1 g of CNCs was mixed with water, ultrasonicated (8 Hz), and combined with 0.1 g saponin at 50°C with stirring. The CNC-saponin was freeze-dried. Characterization included field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a water angle test for hydrophobicity. From the morphology analysis, the average diameter for cellulose was 81 ± 10 nm reduced to 69 ± 14 nm for CNC. Then, after modifying the CNC with saponin the average diameter was slightly increased, which was 74 ± 19 nm. Based on chemical composition, the hydroxyl group (-OH) was removed after modifying CNC with saponin. The water angle for CNC-saponin was 106⁰ which shows that CNC-saponin was hydrophobic. Thus, the isolated CNC from EFB becomes hydrophobic after modified it with saponin, thus it can be associated with hydrophobic polymer.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
856			_uhttps://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/47813
942			_2lcc _cPSM
999			_c105326 _d105332