000			04139ntm a2200337 i 4500
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008			260728t20262026my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0009496 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFSTI .U45 2026 r Thesis
100	1		_aMohammad Ullah, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aSynthesis and characterization of palletized graphitic carbon from oil palm fronds for supercapacitor applications / _cMohammad Ullah
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2026
264		4	_c© 2026
300			_axvii, 153 pages : _billustrations ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM.
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
502			_aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang - 2026
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aThis thesis addresses the materials sustainability through developing a high value industrial material, i.e., graphitic carbon (GC), from a locally abundant non-edible bioresource. Developing GC from waste bioresources and subsequent value addition has two simultaneous impacts: environmental remediation and wealth creation. The material surface activation for improved porosity and textural properties via chemical or physical methods are costly in terms of time, cost and utilization of detrimental chemicals, such as KOH, NaOH, and ZnCl2, as activation agents that contribute to environmental carbon footprint. The present project aims to utilize oil palm frond (OPF) biomass to synthesize GC and investigate its potential as an electrode for energy storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs). The GC and compacted-pallet GC (PGC) are prepared via one-step pyrolysis method. The OPF was directly graphitized at different time durations (1, 3, and 5h) at 1000 °C, and the PGC was synthesized at 1000 °C for 5h. The GCs and PGC were characterized using several characterization tools including XRD, FESEM, XPS, FTIR, BET, and Raman Spectroscopy. The optimized PGC has an optimal edge fraction of 0.279, an average number of layer planes in a crystallite of 2.748, high carbon content (~95%), a pore size distribution of 2.33 nm, surface area of 491.36 m2g-1 and an ID/IG ratio of 0.82. The electrochemical properties of GCs and PGC were evaluated in 1M H2SO4 using cycling voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling at varying scan rates and current densities, respectively. Subsequently, the electrochemical analysis of the PGC electrode was studied in three aqueous electrolytes (1 M H2SO4,1M Na2SO4, and 6M KOH) to understand their charge storage behaviour. At a current density of 1 A g-1, the PGC has an optimum specific capacitance (CS) of 334, 304, and 153 F g-1 in 1 M H2SO4,1M Na2SO4, and 6M KOH, respectively. The PGC electrode was further analyzed using 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte employing three redox additives to further enhance the charge storage capabilities. The hydroquinone additive (HQ/H2SO4) exhibited the highest CS ~658 F g-1, whereas ammonium monovanadate (AM/H2SO4) with CS ~598 F g-1, and potassium ferrocyanide (PF/H2SO4) with CS ~448 F g-1. A symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device was fabricated to study the practicality of PGC electrodes in three aqueous electrolytes. The SSC in 1M H2SO4 delivered an optimum energy density (ED) of 18.86 Wh kg-1 at a power density (PD) of 1,386 W kg-1. The highest CS was delivered from the PGC-1M H2SO4 + HQ cell that recorded a CS of 101 F g-1 at 3 A g-1 with ~91% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The ED and PD were 36 Wh kg-1 and 2,400 W kg-1, respectively. This work thereby demonstrates an environmentally friendly and economic approach for synthesizing GC to enhance the charge storability for practical applications as SC devices.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS
999			_c105328 _d105334