000			02619ntm a2200325 i 4500
003			MY-KuUP
005			20261005091218.0
006			t||||fr|||| 000 0
007			ta
008			261005t20262026my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010804 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKA .A89 2026 r Thesis
100	0		_aNik Noor Atyrah Nik Aziz, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aEffect of optimum utilization of silica fume and cockle shell ash on the engineering properties of soft kaolin clay / _cNik Noor Atyrah Nik Aziz
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2026
264		4	_c© 2026
300			_axx, 287 pages : _billustrations (some color) ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM.
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Civil Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah - 2026
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aSoft clay is a challenging soil due to its low strength and high compressibility, often causing significant engineering and economic problems. This study investigates the use of calcium-rich, cost-effective materials silica fume (SF) and cockle shell ash (CSA)to improve the engineering properties of kaolin clay. Laboratory tests conducted included specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction, particle size distribution, permeability, unconfined compression, unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial tests, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Kaolin clay wasinitially stabilized with SF at 2%, 4%, and 6% to identify the optimum SF content basedon undrained shear strength (USS). CSA was then added at 3%, 6%, and 9% to theoptimal SF mix. Samples were cured for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. Results indicate that addingCSA to SF-stabilized kaolin decreased specific gravity, plasticity index, and maximumdry density, while increasing optimum moisture content and USS. The optimal blend, 6%SF + 9% CSA (K6SF9CSA), achieved a 102.16% increase in USS after 30 days, withUU tests recording the highest cohesion (53 kPa) and friction angle (22.05°). Thesefindings demonstrate that SF and CSA combinations can serve as effective, sustainable,and economical stabilizers for soft kaolin clay, offering significant improvements instrength and mechanical performance.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Civil Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS
999			_c105659 _d105665